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Camhridge Antiquarian Society. Octavo Publications. No. XL VII. 

OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 

ANOTHEE CHAPTEE IN THE INTIMATE HISTOEY 
OF MEDIEVAL CAMBEIDGE 






BY THE 

Rev. H. p. STOKES, LL.D., F.S.A. 

HON. FELLOW OF COEPtTS CHKISTI COLLEGB 




PRINTED FOR THE CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY 

SOLD BY DEIGHTON, BELL & CO., LTD. ; and BOWES & BOWES 
LONDON, GEORGE BELL AND SONS, LTD. ^ 

1915 
Price Five Shillings Net ^O 

i 



/ 



^?y or c.,,.;-^ 
^^ 523^7(] 

D::Cii 1915 



OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 



PUBLICATIONS: OCTAVO SERIES 
No. XLVII 



ydur4. 




MAP OF CAMBRIDGE 

OUTSIDE BARNWELL GATE 
FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 



SCALE. OF YARDS. 



Camb. AntiQ. Soc, 



OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 



BY THE 



Rev. H. p. STOKES, LL.D., F.S.A. 

HON. FELLOW OF CORPUS CHKISTI COLLEGi; 




PRINTED FOR THE CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY 

SOLD BY DEIGHTON, BELL & CO., LTD. ; and BOWES & BOWES 

LONDON, GEORGE BELL AND SONS, LTD. 

1915 






ffaintnttgr : 

PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. 
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 



CONTENTS 



CHAP. 

I. The Barnwell Gate . 

II. The Road Outside the Baknwell Gate 

III. Early Buildings 

IV. Side Streets and Lanes 

V. Wayside Crosses 

VI. Academic Buildings . 

VII. Later Buildings 

VIII. By the Wayside. The Little New River 
IX. "THE OPEN FIELDS" 

Index ... . . . 



PAGE 
1 

3 
9 
15 
18 
20 
27 
40 
47 
59 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



1. Field ]\Iap of Cabibridge Outside Barnwell Gate 

(14th Century). Compiled from old Field Books 
and Terriers ......-• 

2. Cambridge, from the Hills Road (1820). From 

an engraving by W. Mason, 1820 

3. Cambridge, FROM Trumpington Ford (1809). From 

Harraden's Cantahrigia Depicta .... 

4. Dawe's Cross. From Bright's Field Book. Copied 

from Bowtell's M8S. (Downing College) 

From an old Field Book, at Peter- 



6. 



9. 



Dawe's Cross. 
house 

HiNTON Cross. 
house 



From an old Field Book, at Peter - 



The Vine Estate. From John Jellett's Terrier, 
1635, in the possession of the Bursar of Emmanuel 
College ......... 

Two Views of Cambridge, showing the Open 
Fields in the foreground. From Loggan's 
Cantabrigia Illustrata (1690) .... 

"Maitland's Trees." Old Thorn-trees, marking the 
course of a Way-balk. Between the Geological 
and Botanical Museums ..... 



Frontispiece 

facing p. 5 

facing p. 5 

p. 19 

p. 19 

p. 19 

p. 28 

facing p. 57 



facing p. 57 
10. Portion of the Barnwell Award Map (1806) between pp. 58-59 



CHAPTER I 



THE BARNWELL GATE 



In the turbulent days when King John was in arms against 
his Barons, as at other periods in English history, Cambridge 
was a place of strategic importance. At the end of the year 
when the celebrated Magna Carta was signed, on November 
6th, 1215, we find that a royal writ^, tested at Rochester, 
commanded the exchequer to allow our bailiffs the costs they 
had incurred in enclosing the town {in claustura ville Cant.). 
The Castle was alternately in the hands of the King and of his 
opponents; John was at Cambridge in the spring of 1216, and 
again in the September of the same year — about a month before 
his tragic decease. But the Barons soon afterwards retook 
the Castle and town of Cambridge, where a little later Louis 
the dauphin of France, whom they had invited as their leader, 
held a council. We need not here follow the course of events — ■ 
the withdrawal of the foreign prince and the recognition of the 
young King — nor need we even in outline chronicle the tedious 
history of the next half-century, when Henry grew in years, 
but not in wisdom. 

The years 1266 and 1267 find Cambridge again a centre in 
another struggle between King and Barons. In the latter 
year Henry III was at the University town, taking active 
steps for its fortification. Records of these defensive measures 
may be read in the Memoranda^ of Barnwell Church, written 

1 Rotuli Clausarum, 17 John, m. 19 (Hardy, 234 b). 

2 Liber Memorandorum Ecclesie de Bernewelle, ed. J. W. Clark, M.A., p. 122. 
C.A.8. Octavo Series. No. XLVII. 1 



2 THE BARNWELL GATE [CH. 

at the end of the thirteenth century, or in the pages of Caius's 
History of Cambridge^, printed in the year 1574. 

But the story may be told in the quaint words of Fuller^ : 

"Only the south and east of the town lay open, which the King intended 
to fortify. In order whereunto he built two gates, Trumpington Gate by 
St Peter's Church, now ruined, on the south ; Barnwell Gate by St Andrew's 
Church now decayed on the east. And because gates without walls are 
but compliments in matter of strength, he intended to wall the town about, 
if time permitted him. Meantime he drew a deep ditch (called King's 
Ditch at this day) round about the south and east parts of Cambridge. 
Presently news is brought to him, that Gilbert, earl of Clare, had seized 
on the chief city of the realm. No policy for the King to keep Cambridge 
and lose London the whUe. Thither marched he in all haste with his 
army, and may be said to carry the walls of Cambridge away with him, 
the design thereof sinking at his departure, etc." 

The town being thus left without a guard, we learn (from 
the Barnwell Memoranda) that insurgents from the Isle of Ely 
came in force and burnt the gates which the King had con- 
structed. 

Something more may be said of the Ditch and of the Gates. 

The MS.^ just quoted says: Kex vero fecit edificare portas, 
et isiceve fossatas in circuitu ville. Here it will be noticed that 
the plural, ditches or trenches, is used. This may merely be a 
casual expression ; or it may refer to different sections of the 
ditch ; or it may mean that there were more ditches than 
one. This last opinion is held by a distinguished authority, 
Professor McKenny Hughes*, who has written for our Society 
two remarkable papers. In these he maintains that excavations 
and exposures have suggested that a concentric ditch, or 
ditches, ran near the King's Ditch in certain places. To limit 
ourselves here to the neighbourhood of the Barnwell Gate, the 
Professor indicates, and shows on a map, two such patches; 
one, near the present Post Office, need not detain us, as it is 
only quoted on hearsay ; - the other, near Mr Hunnybun's 
premises, is elaborately described and its contents are carefully 

^ Historia Cantebr. Academice, Lib. i, p. 43. 

- Hist. Univ. Camb. by T. Fuller, cd. Piickott and Wright, pp. 40, 4L 

3 Lib. Mem. Eccl. de Bern, {u.s.), p. 122. 

'' C.A.S. Proc. xxxiv, pp. 34, etc. 



IJ THE BARNWELL GATE 3 

dealt with. The present writer, however, ventures to think 
that the following documentary evidence suggests a more 
probable theory than that of a concentric ditch : 

"Item wee present the sayd John ffidlyn for a channell or sincke 
passing from the street neare the east gate of Trinity Chui'chyard through 
his grownd, and soe into the King's ditch which Channell or sincke for 
\^^ant of clensing, to give sufficient passe to the water, upon every suddayne 
fall of Rayne causeth the Adjoynmg Houses and Cellars to be drowned." 

Thus complained the old Court of Sewers^, under date 10 
April, 1633; they also present another inhabitant for certain 
nuisances "on the sayd sincke." Here we find a Channel 
running down through the Hunnybun property into the King's 
Ditch. Does not this account for the exposure referred to by 
Professor Hughes? The more so, as there does not seem to 
be, in this neighbourhood, any other authenticated sign of a 
concentric ditch. 

As to the gate itself, the only description^ of it which has 
come down to us is that by Dr Caius, who says that when he 
wrote (in 1573) there was only one column, one upright wooden 
post, remaining ; though the memory of two such still survived. 
That wood was the chief material of the original gate is evident 
from the record of the destruction by fire. 

The site of the Barnwell Gate would, of course, be on the 
town side of the King's Ditch, reaching from the predecessor 
of the present Post Office to the building opposite. The ditch 
ran along the west wall of the Churchyard of St Andrew the 
Great and, crossing the road, continued down the west side of 
what is now called Hobson Street. We have seen that it had 
been intended to erect a wall within the ditch; but though 
houses were demolished in certain places for this purpose, there 
is no record of such destruction in the neighbourhood of the 
Barnwell Gate, which doubtless reached from building to 
building. In some parts of the circuit, there was an open space — 
a kind of boulevard — perambulating alongside the ditch ; but 
again we have no tradition of such a clearance near the gate 
w^th which we are dealing. 

1 Registry, Camb. Univ. 3. 2. 83. 
- Hist. Cant. Acad. Lib. ii, p. 116. 

1—2 



THE BARNWELL GATE [CH. I 



Note 

The following may be quoted from a paper by Professor 
Hughes, printed in the Proceedings of our Society, No. xxxiv, 
pp. 34 and 35 : 

"If we examine the geography of Cambridge we shall find that an 
obvious place for a ditch is near the foot of the rising ground in front of 
Christ's College. It would be naturally continued so as to cut off the 
marshy land, now enclosed in Downing College grounds, where the base 
of the gravel is full of water, and rvinning thence along the margin of the 
gravel bed which rises by the Fitzwilliam Museum, would reach the river 
near the King's Mill. 

" The gravel-terrace here formed dry ground on which ran the Trump- 
ington Road, just as the promontory of gravel by Christ's College offered 
a dry route to Barnwell. Hence the two important ways, or gates, as 
they were in those days often called, ran out of Cambridge at these points. 
It is not improbable that the names Barnwell Gate, Trumpington Gate, 
referred to the roads long before they were applied to any portal, as we 
have no knowledge of a wall through which any entrance-gate was required. 
There may of course have been a bar at which tolls were exacted, and 
if the ditch was meant for defence, there probably was some means of 
lifting the bridge or barring the access to it. It is a matter of historj^ that 
such structures -were erected, but they were probably only of wood, as we 
read of their being easily burned down. On the whole, considering that 
the name of the 'gate' is that of a distant village, not of some local object, 
and that the word gate was so generally used for a road in the south in 
old times as^it is still in the north of England, we may have here originally 
the name of the road, and not of any entrance to the town, though 
the name may have been afterwards appUed to the portals as well, and, 
at last, to them exclusively." 

It should, however, be noted that the churches — St Peter's 
(now St Mary's the Less) and St Andrew's the Great — were 
early known as without the Gate; and so with several similar 
expressions. 





Cambridge, from the Hills Road (1820) 





Cambridge, Iroin liie Irunipington Ford (1809). 



CHAPTER II 

THE ROAD OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 

The Barnwell Gate^ guarded the street that led from the 
Bridge and the Castle on the north, and it looked on the road 
that ran towards the Gog-Magog Hills on the south-east. 

This road "outside the Barnwell gate" (now known as 
St Andrew's Street, Hegent Street and Hills Road) was formerly 
called by various names : the Hadstock Road, the Friars' and 
Preachers' Street or the Preachers' Street, the High Street, the 
King's Way, "the great street outside Barnwell gate"; while 
on later maps it (or the continuation of it) is styled the Linton 
Road, or the road to Colchester, or the road towards the 
Gog-Magog Hills. 

Another name by which this road has been called is the 
Via Devana. This looks back to Roman times, although the 
actual title was first applied to it by the Rev. C. Mason, who was 
Woodwardian Professor from 1734 to 1762. The following 
account^ of it was contributed by Bishop Bennet to Lysons's 
Cambridgeshire, published in 1810 : 

"This great Roman way, which connected the colonies of Colchester 
and Chester, enters Cambridgeshire from Withersfield in Suffolk, bearing 
nearly from east to west, passes through Horseheath Park, leaving Balsham 
on its right, crosses the Ikeneld Street, and proceeds very straight over 
the open country: with its crest highly raised and visible, to Gogmagog 
hills; it descends the hills, having two huge barrows ["the Twopenny 
Loaves"] close on its left, in a line with Worts's causeway, and bending a 
little to avoid the deep part of the fen, (just at the point where the Linton 
Road falls in), the Roman road keeping its line, while the causeway declines 

^ "Quae etiam quod Barnwelhim pagum respicit, Barnewellina porta 
nominatur." Caius, u.s. p. 116. 
^ Magna Britannia, ii, pp. 44, 45. 



6 THE ROAD OUTSIDE [CH. 

to the right, they become separated ; and the former proceeds along the 
lands to the first old enclosure, where it has the appearance of throwing 
off a branch to the village of Grantchester, at Red Cross ; and keeping on 
the highest land, between the two fens of Cherry-Hinton and Shelford, 
continues its course down St Andrew's Street, the church of that name 
standing upon it, in a direct line by Trinity church, to the river, and the 
great south-east gate of the Roman station beyond it ; and there is some 
reason to think a bridge was constructed here for the accommodation of 
travellers. Indeed the ingenious Mr Essex in building the modern bridge 
is said to have discovered the foundation of one, which had been raised 
here in very early times, and which he conceived to be of Roman work- 
manship." 

Bishop Bennet proceeds to trace the course of the Via 
Devana towards Leicester and Chester. 

This description was written before the enclosure and 
drainage of the lands, and therefore at a time when the ridge 
of the Roman road was doubtless to be easily observed. 

These words of Bishop Bennet have been amplified by the 
late Professor Babingtoni and by subsequent writers, who have 
reported on exposures of the Roman road at various times and 
at various places between "the Twopenny Loaves" and the 
Castle. When the Archaeological Institute visited Cambridge 
in July 1854, the distinguished antiquary and botanist just 
mentioned published a map on which the Via Devana was 
represented as having run on the west of the present road along 
the whole distance named in the last sentence. 

Anyone' who stands at the point on the Gog-Magog Hills 
where the road makes the bend referred to above, and who 
looks across beyond the Castle Hill, to where the Via Devana 
continues its northern course, can imagine how the Hinton 
marshes and moors in former days prevented the straight 
course of the Roman road, and mark the deviating ridge that 
separated it from the western fen which then lay on the 
Shelford side. 

Parallel with this old Roman road, as often happens, runs 
a modern road. This was greatly improved under the pro- 
visions of the will^ of William Worts, M.A., of St Catharine's 

^ Ancient Cambridgeshire, by Prof. C. C. Babington. pp. 29, etc. 

2 Endowments of the Univ. of Camb., J. W. Clark, M.A., 1004, pp. 91, 92. 



II] THE BARNWELL GATE 7 

College, who died in 1709. This benefactor, besides other 
bequests to the University, desired that £1500 should "be 
applied to the making a Calcey or Causeway from Emmanuel 
College to Hogmagog, alias Gogmagog Hills " ; he further ordered 
that, "if there be occasion, an Act of Parliament may be 
procured for the making and securing that road." 

Accordingly, in the words of Mr Salmon (who in 1748 
published A Foreigner's Com/panion through the Universities), 
"a Causeway was cast up to Gogmagog Hills, four miles east 
of Cambridge, whither Gentlemen ride out clean in the depth 
of Winter." From these Hills (the Guide adds) "there is 
a fine Carpet-way for several miles, particularly towards 
Newmarket." 

"Worts's Causeway" long continued to be "the most 
frequented road amongst the members of the University." 
Henry Gunning, in his Reminiscences, gives an amusing account 
of an adventure hereon of a well-known don, Dr Kipling, whose 
"principal relaxation was a daily ride to the Hills.'''' 

The same vivacious writer tells us of the marshes which 
lay to the east of the Causeway. 

"If you started," he says, "from the other corner of Parker's Piece, you 
came to Cherryhinton Fen; from thence to Teversham, Quy, Bottisham, 
and Swaffham Fens. In taking this beat, you met with great varieties 
of wikl-fowl, bitterns, plovers of every description, ruffs and reeves, and 
not unfrequently pheasants. If you did not go very near the mansions 
of the few country gentlemen who resided in the neighbourhood, you met 
with no interruption. You scarcely ever saw the gamekeeper, but met 
with a great number of young lads, who were on the look-out for sportsmen 
from the University, whose game they carried, and to whom they furnished 
long poles, to enable them to leap those very wide ditches which intersected 
the Fens in every direction." 

Gunning goes on to speak of the draining of these Fens and 
of the reclamation of "thousands and tens of thousands of 
acres of land." 

To return to our Koad, it may be remarked that, in the 
times of which we have been speaking in the last two or three 
pages, as at the date when Loggan drew his "plan of Cam- 
bridge" in 1688, there were few houses beyond Emmanuel on 
the east side and the Spinning House on the west. Carter, in 



8 THE ROAD OUTSIDE THE BARTSTWELL GATE [CH. II 

his History^, describes the Bridewell just mentioned as 
"pleasantly near the fields, at the south end of the parish of 
St Andrew the Great." Indeed the neighbourhood of Emmanuel 
College was long called "the town's end." 

Beyond this part, all was open country. "The road had 
broad strips of grass on each side. On the east side (of what 
is now called Regent Street) Parker's land did not run quite 
up to the road ; nor did St Thomas's Leys (now called Downing 
College grounds) run up to the ground on the other side; but 
there were two strips left of roadside ground which were 
probably considered waste ground. Some of this is said to 
have been gradually occupied by squatters, who inclosed 
patches, or put up buildings which remained undisturbed long 
enough for them to claim a right of ownership." We shall 
later on have a strange tale to tell of the disposal of these 
wayside grounds; and the same may be said of the broad 
strips on either side of the Hills Road further to the south. 

But we must return to earlier times, when the Barnwell 
Gate was still standing, or even before it was erected. 

^ History of the County of Cambridge, Edmund Carter, p. 19. 



CHAPTER III 

EARLY BUILDINGS OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE 

Outside the town of Cambridge, in early days, stretched on 
all sides the Open Fields. On the east and south, for instance, 
lay the Barnwell lands, reaching from Trumpington Ford (a 
mile away from the centre of the borough on the London road) 
across to the little river Stour, which ran between them and 
Ditton. As usual, these fields were divided into three portions, 
of which (or, at least, of two of which) we shall speak in detail 
later on. 

To approach these lands, the chief route was from the Great 
Bridge, passing Holy Trinity Church and leading into the road 
to the Hills on the south-east. Along this road passed con- 
tinually the many inhabitants who possessed strips in the open 
fields. Fortunate were any of them who had ground near the 
town and bordering on the road; such could, if desirous, erect 
a barn or a dwelling-place. 

In front of the space where, as we have indicated^, the 
Barnwell Gate was placed, there ran a slight depression (near 
where the Post Office now stands and along what is at present 
called Hobson Street). Of this the constructors of the Ditch 
availed themselves, either in the days of King John or in the 
jubilee year of his son Henry III. 

Our business is with the road and district outside the 
Barnwell Gate. 

The earliest erection of importance in this suburb was the 
building of the Church of St Andrew the Great. The date of 

^ See page 3. 



10 EARLY BUILDINGS OUTSIDE [CH. 

the foundation^ thereof is not known ; but in an old episcopal 
Register^ at Ely there is an allusion to a certain "John" as 
Chaplain here about the year 1200 ; while, from the same 
cartulary, we learn that about a quarter of a century later, 
during the episcopate of Geoffrey de Burgh (1225-1229), the 
advowson of the Church was given to the Priory of Ely by 
Absalon, the son of Algar, who was then the Rector and the 
Patron of the same. The Bishop shortly afterwards appro- 
priated the Church to the augmentation of the office of the 
sacrist at the said convent. Henceforth in the receipts^ of 
that official appear year by year certain sums of money from 
the funds of St Andrew's Church. This income was derived 
from a grange, which apparently stood either on the east side 
of the main road, just to the south of the present site of 
Emmanuel College, or on part of the present site of Christ's 
College. 

It is not necessary here to recount the subsequent history 
of the Church ; nor to tell of the rebuilding thereof soon after 
1650, chiefly through the munificence of Christopher Rose, a 
well-known alderman of the borough ; nor to refer to the 
replacement of this by the present edifice, erected by sub- 
scription about the year 1843, and designed by Mr Ambrose 
Poynter, who was also the perpetrator of Christ Church and 
St Paul's ! 

Doubtless near the Church and by the sides of the road 
outside the Barnwell Gate, there were springing up various 
tenements whose inhabitants worshipped at St Andrew's. 

But the most notable feature in the new parish was the 
settlement of the Dominican Friars. Members of this Order 
first arrived in England in the year 1221 ; how soon they 
appeared in Cambridge is not recorded; but a royal grant*, 
dated June 14th, 1238, assists the building of their chapel; 

1 If, which is not improbable, this church is that referred to in Domesday Book, 
as situated in the Fourth ward of Cambridge, and belonging to the Ely Eccle- 
siastical authorities, the foundation of Great St Andrew's must be placed in 
Saxon days. 

2 Regist. Episc. Elien M. pp. 175, etc. ; Bentham's Ely, p. 146. 
^ Chapman. Sacrist Rolls, i, pp. 120-1; Bentham, p. 127. 

* Close Rolls, 22 Hen. Ill, June 14th. 



Ill] * THE BARNWELL GATE 11 

while a writ^, two years later, is worded as if they had been 
settled here for some years. The Hundred Rolls^, which record 
the results of the Great Inquisition taken in 7 Edward I (1278 
or 9), speak of their place as containing "8 acres of land and 
more in length and breadth, in which place were accustomed to 
be divers numsions in which many inhabited who were wont to 
be geldable and aiding to the town." The words italicised 
might suggest that the street was somewhat thickly inhabited, 
but the expression was a customary phrase and must not be 
taken literally. It was repeated word for word in the report 
as to the Franciscans in the same Rolls. 

It is stated by Leland^ that the house of the Friars Preachers 
(or Black Friars, as the Dominicans were also called) was 
"foundid in her widohod" by Alice, widow of Robert de Vere, 
fifth earl of Oxford ; but, as this nobleman did not die till the 
year 1296, there must be some mistake; though doubtless the 
lady was a benefactress of the Friars. 

The royal grant in 1238, mentioned above, ordered three 
oaks from the forest of Wanberg to be given to the Friars 
Preachers for the building of their chapel ; and the writ of 
1240 "commanded the sheriff of the county to permit them to 
enclose the Lane which lay on the south part next their chapel, 
for the enlargement of their cemetery, they giving up in 
recompense the like quantity in length and breadth of their own 
ground, it having been found by inquisition that this would 
not be to the damage of the town of Cambridge, but rather 
to the convenience thereof." As pointed out below, this lane 
must have been a continuation of "Dowdivers Lane" (now 
Downing Street) and must have led on to Barnwell. In its 
stead, the Dominicans doubtless gave what is now Emmanuel 
Lane. 

In the twenty-first year of Edward I (1292-3), the Black 
Friars obtained from William de la Haye* two acres of land 
with the appurtenances thereof, contiguous to their grounds. 
This land had formerly belonged to Adam Eliot, a well-known 

1 Close Rolls, 24 Hen. Ill, April 17th. 

2 Hundred Bolls, ii, p. 360. 

^ Leland, Itinerary, ed. Hearne, vi, 38. 
« Borough Beport, 1850, p. 52. 



12 EARLY BUILDINGS OUTSIDE * [CH. 

Cambridge citizen, who had paid "to the King every year at 
the feast of St Michael, the rent of a penny per annum, by the 
hands of the King's baihffs of the town." 

We need not here trace the history of this celebrated 
monastery, further than to remark that it was already so 
established that its Prior, William Ringesham^, was accorded 
his degree as Doctor of Divinity about the year 1262. It was 
dissolved in 1538, and was shortly afterwards granted^ by 
Henry VIII to Edward Elrington and Humphrey Metcalfe. 
The foundation of Emmanuel College, in its stead, in 1583-4, 
will be described later on. 

On the west side of the road, nearly opposite to the monastery 
of the Black Friars, stood a building which in 1283 was given^ 
by Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, to St John's Hospital 
as part of the compensation for the loss suffered by the removal 
of his scholars to the newly-founded Peterhouse. In the 
foundation deed of our senior College the tenement is described 
as "hospicium contra fratres predicatores." 

Caius, in his History'^ written nearly 300 years after this 
transfer, calls the building "Rudd's Hostel," and says that it 
stood a little beyond the church of the Friars Preachers, but 
on the other side of the street. He places it last in his list of 
hostels. Richard Parker^, writing in the year 1622, says that 
■"it is now become the Castle Inn'''; Fuller^ repeats this state- 
ment; and indeed the building is still known as "Ye Olde 
€astel." It is now the property of Corpus Christi College. 

To the College just named was bequeathed'^, in the year 
1393, another Hostel (St Nicholas's) on the town side of the 
convent of the Black Friars, but the consideration of this may 

1 Monastkon Anglicanum,, Diigdale-Steveiis, 1723, ii, 193. 

2 History of Emmanuel College, E. S. Shuckburgh, p. 3. [It may be noted 
that there had been a contemplated grant of the site of the Black Friars to 
Dr Lee for the Master and Fellows of St Nicholas's Hostel. See 8«A Report 
of the Deputy Keeper of Public Records, Appendix ii, 14.] 

3 Documents, Univ. Comm. 1852, ii, p. 3. 

* Hist. Cant. Acad. Lib. i, p. 50. 

* History and Antiquities of Univ. of Cambridge, bv Richard ParJcer, 1622, 
p. 32. 

« Hist. ed. Prickett and Wright, p. GO. 
' Masters, History C.G.G., p. 34. 



Ill] THE BARNWELL GATE 13 

be postponed to the section on Academic Buildings outside 
the Barnwell Gate. 

In estimating the number of houses on the road outside the 
Barnwell Gate at the period to which we have just been 
alluding, we have the advantage of being able to consult the 
celebrated Hundred Rolls, which report the outcome of the 
Great Inquisition made by order of Edward I in the years 
1278-9. This investigation records in special detail the state 
of Cambridge at that date, and from it we learn that there 
were comparatively few^ messuages situated on the road 
which we are describing. Indeed not a dozen "owners of 
houses, &c., or to speak more nicely, freeholders who held 
houses in demesne," are scheduled. So that there must be 
great exaggeration in the phrase quoted above from the same 
Rolls, which affirmed of the site upon which the Dominican 
Monastery had been built, that "divers mansions, in which 
many inhabited," had been cleared away. 

It must be remembered that, in mediaeval times, even in 
the town proper within the Ditch, still more in such a suburb 
as we are considering, the houses were not always packed 
closely together, they had frequently their gardens, their 
orchards or their paddocks ; they were often called granges or 
curtilages ; they had their barns and their courtyards. Michael 
Grange, for instance, was "a messuage and farm abutting 
upon the High Street east, and upon the field called St Thomas's 
Leas (otherwise Swinecroft) west." In its barn the grain 
grown upon its "dole" of fourteen acres was stored. It was 
for some three centuries the property of Michael House, one of 
the Hostels which went to the foundation of Trinity College. 
We shall see how this College in 1613 handed it over to the 
Corporation in exchange for Garret Hostel Green, etc. The 
estate is still in the hands of the town council. Of another 

1 The long list of charters printed by the Master of Jesus, in his Priory of 
St Radegund, C.A.S. xxxi, pp. 98 to 104, might seem to point to a different 
conclusion; for about thirty or forty records of property, belonging 'to the 
Nuns and situated in Great St Andrew's parish, are given. But it must be 
remembered that these range over more than two centuries, that a number 
of them relate only to land, and that some of the charters doubtless refer ta 
the same property. 



14 EARLY BUILDINGS OUTSIDE THE BARNWELL GATE [CH. Ill 

tenement in St Andrew's parish, which touched upon the Ditch, 
we are told (in a deed^ still in the possession of Jesus College) 
that the Nuns of St Radegund, to whom it belonged, ' ' supplied 
their tenant after wheat harvest with one acre of wheat-straw, 
and allowed him to cut down trees to repair the premises, 
planting others in their place." 

The long rows of houses, shown in the map prefixed to 
Fuller's History of Cambridge in 1634, must not be supposed to 
represent the true condition of things in mediaeval times, nor 
perhaps even at the date of the engraving. 

1 The Priory of St Radegund, Arthur Gray, M.A., p. 102. 



15 



CHAPTER IV 

SIDE STREETS AND LANES 

Allusion has hitherto chiefly been made to "the great 
street outside Barnwell Gate," which was known, as we have 
seen, by such names as the Preachers' Street, the High Street, 
the road to the Hills, to Hadstock, Linton, etc. 

But it must not be forgotten that there were other streets 
and lanes, which must be referred to. 

On the east side, immediately after leaving the Gate and 
crossing the Ditch, there was a lane (now known as Hobson 
Street) which ran almost parallel to the Ditch. "Walles 
Lane" it was called, and on its east side were certain tenements 
and closes, w^hich are mentioned in various deeds and which 
will be specially referred to when the foundation and extension 
of Christ's College is dealt with. 

About seventy yards further along the main street, we come 
to what is now called Christ's Lane. This has been know^n by 
a variety of names. It was generally called "the Lane to 
Hinton," — "the lane leading from St Andrew's Church towards 
Hintune" — it was also, not unfrequently, unpleasantly known 
as Rokislane (i.e. Rogues' Lane) and as Hangman's Lane. 
Other names for it were St Nicholas's Lane, and (early in the 
nineteenth century) Emmanuel Back Lane and George Street. 
It gradually however acquired its present title, Christ's Lane. 

Proceeding southwards we come to Preachers' Lane, or 
Blackfriars' Lane, or as at present Emmanuel Lane. The 
laying out of this may be dated from the following extract 
from the Close Rolls for the year 1240. 



16 " SIDE STREETS AND LANES [CH. 

"Henry III, by writ dated the 17th of April, the 24th year of his reign, 
commanded the sheriff of the county to permit the Friars Preachers of 
Cambridge to enclose the Lane (vicus) which lay on the south part next 
their Church, for the enlargement of their cemetery, they givmg up in 
recompense the like quantity in length and breadth of their own ground, 
it having been found by Inquisition that this would not be to the damage 
of the town of Cambridge, but rather to the convenience thereof." 

The lane thus "enclosed on the south part next the 
Church" of the Dominicans must, of course, have been a con- 
tinuation of the lane now called Downing Street — the many- 
names whereof will be referred to when we come to the other 
side of the main street. The lane, doubtless, led right across 
to the Newmarket Eoad. 

The only other lane on the east side of Preachers' Street 
going towards the south was that which bounds the fields now 
known as Parker's Piece. This is described in an old Field 
Book^ as "King's Lane, in Middlefield, which lane, from Hinton 
Way, leadeth to Dawe's Cross." This cross stood near the 
site of the old poplar tree at what is now called Hyde Park 
Corner. King's Lane was afterwards known as Gravel Pit 
Road. 

Crossing the main road, King's Lane was continued as 
"Deepway" (now Lensfield Road), "leading to the stone bridge 
by the Spital." The ditches which lined this highway are 
mentioned in various deeds for many centuries. When the 
water-course, known as the New River, was formed, and 
"a cut" was made from the conduit-head along the Deepway 
and towards Emmanuel and Christ's, the lane obtained the 
name of Conduit Road. 

Continuing now northwards along Regent Street, we come 
to the present Downing Street. This well-known lane ran east 
from the London Road outside the Trumpington Gate, and was, 
as we have seen, originally continued through the middle of 
the Black Friars' Monastery (i.e. through the present Chapel 
Court of Emmanuel) on towards the Newmarket Road. It was 
called of old by various names, such as Dowdivers Lane (Deus 
Dewers Lane, Duzedewers Lane, etc.), and Langreth Lane, or 

^ Alderman Wm. Bright's Old Field Book, 1575, formerly in the chest of 
Great St Andrew's Church (Bowtell MSS. vol. iii, p. 251). 



IV] SIDE STREETS AND LANES 17 

Langer Lane. "Landgrytheslane," Professor Maitland^ wrote 
it; adding "Is not this the limit of the ordinary land-peace? 
Within the ditch the stricter BurhgriS reigns. If this " (said 
the lamented Professor) "be the true explanation, both name 
and limit should be very ancient." 

Later names ^ of this "long lane" are the lane from the 
Mills to Emmanuel, Hoghill Lane, Bird-bolt Lane, Pembroke 
Street, Downing Street, etc. 

1 Township and Borough, p. 101. 

^ Some of these names are of course quite modern. This important side 
street need not be further dwelt upon, nor need further allusion be made to 
Meeting House Lane, or Downing Place, on the south, or to St Tibb's Row on 
the north, with the former parooliial workhouse of Great St Andrew's, which 
stUl stands. 



G. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XLVII. 



18 



CHAPTER V 

WAYSIDE CROSSES 

In describing the lane called "Deepway" between the 
London Road and the Hadstock Way and known as "King's 
Lane" from the latter road to Hinton Way, mention was made 
of a Cross (called Dawe's Cross) which stood at what is now 
known as Hyde Park Corner. 

Dawe's Cross is often mentioned in ancient deeds, and in an 
old Field Book^, which formerly belonged to the vestry of the 
Church of St Andrew the Great, there was a most interesting 
representation of it. This is here reproduced (by kind per- 
mission of the Downing authorities) from a copy in the 
celebrated Bowtell MSS. 

About a quarter of a mile further south along the Hadstock 
Road, on the east side, just beyond the present milestone, 
stood another Cross, known as "the Stone Cross." This is 
marked on Baker's Map of Cambridge, published in 1834. 

On the Hinton Way, at about the same distance from the 
town as the Cross just mentioned, there was in mediaeval 
times another wayside Cross, called "the Hinton Cross." 
There are not infrequent allusions to this in old Field Books. 

These last two Crosses stood, of course, on the highways 
west and east of Middlefield. 

1 See Bowtell MSS. iii, p. 251. 




Dawe's Cross. 
{From an old Field Book, formerly helonging to Great St Andrew's Church.) 







^»w^fl^ 




Dawe's Cross. 

(From an old Field Book 
at Peterhouse.) 






c<i\\ 




Hinton Cross. 

{From an old Field Book 
at Peterhouse.) 

2—2 



20 



CHAPTER VI 

ACADEMIC BUILDINGS 

Eeference has alreadyi been made to "Rudd's Hostel," 
formerly the property of St John's Hospital, and a glance has 
been given to another Hostel, that of St Nicholas. 

A section must now be devoted to the academic buildings 
which grew up on either side of Preachers' Street. 

As we are dealing with external structures, rather than 
with the internal history of these institutions, it is not 
necessary to dwell further upon the Dominican Monastery, 
upon its church or its library— upon the share of its Priors and 
Friars in University affairs, or upon their quarrels with the 
academic authorities. Only it should be remembered that 
during three centuries the convent of the Friars Preachers was 
the chief building in the street to which they gave their name. 
The House surrendered 2 to King Henry VIII and was dissolved 
in the year 1538 ; there being then fifteen Black Friars besides 
the Prior. 

Nor need anything additional be said about "Rudd's 
Hostel," nearly opposite to the Dominican buildings, for 
though it was somewhat elaborately presented by Bishop 
Hugh of Balsham to the Hospital of St John, and though it 
was called a "Hostel" till the days of Dr Caius, yet there is 
no scholastic history attached to it; and it soon passed out 
of the hands of the Augustinian brethren and perhaps quite 
early became, as it still remains, an "Inn" in the more modern 
sense; it is now, of course, known as "Ye Olde Castel " Inn. 

^ See p. 12. 

2 Cooper's Armals, i, p. 392. 



CH. Vl] ACADEMIC BUILDINGS 21 

A more celebrated Hostel, St Nicholas's, stood on the east 
side of the street, between the Friary and the site of the present 
Christ's College. The exact position of the Hostel is thus set 
forth in a conveyance^ dated 1585 : 

"all that mesuage tenemente or Inne comonlye called St Nicholas hostell 
with all buildjnges yardes gardens groundes and hereditamentes to the 
same belonginge scituat lienge and beinge in the parisshe of St Andrews 
without Barnwell gates in Cambridge aforsaid betweene the tenemente 
late of John Adam on the one partie and the tenemente called the Chequer 
and a tenemente of Tho : Bredon on the other partie the one hedd thereof 
abuttinge upon the Quenes highway called Prechers strete and the other 
upon the Quenes highwaye leadinge towards Barnwell." 

This date is of course late, but the abuttals are quoted in 
detail, because the site of this Hostel has been wrongly given 
by various authorities. Fuller, for instance, in his History of 
Cambridge^, says it was "over against Christ's College, where 
now a private house with the public name of the Brazen George'^ ; 
Masters, in his History of Corpus^, alludes to it as "abutting 
upon the George" ; while Willis and Clark, in their Architectural 
History'^, place it at "the corner" of St Andrew's Street and 
Emmanuel Lane. These are all wrong. 

The site is distinctly noted in Lyne's Map of Cambridge, 
published in the year 1574. 

The earliest allusion to St Nicholas's Hostel which the 
present writer has met with, occurs in the will of Thomas 
Lolleworth^, of Cambridge, bearing date 1393. This citizen 
bequeathed the whole of his messuages in our town to the 
Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, and amongst 
them was our Hostel. 

In the following century, from the will^ (dated 30 August, 
1459) of another Cambridge burgess, Richard Andrewe, alias 
Spicer, we find that various properties were left to Queens' 
College ; and in an inventory of these benefactions, compiled 

^ Quoted in Willis and Clark's Architectural History, ii, pp. 692-3. 

2 Ed. Prickett and Wright, p. 59. 

3 Hist. C.C.C., p. 34. 

* Willis and Clark, u.s., i, p. xxvii. 
B Masters. Hist. C.C.G., p. 34. 

* History of Queens' College, W. G. Searle, M.A., i, p. 66. 



22 ACADEMIC BUILDINGS [CH. 

in the year 1472, one of them is said to be the Hostel of 
St Nicholas in St Andrew's Parish. 

It should be stated that there had been another Hostel of 
St Nicholas, situated in Milne Street, in the parish of St John 
Zacharv, which had been purchased of Simon DalhTig, clerk, 
Keeper of Trinity Hall, by Henry YI, as part of the site of 
King's College. It has been conjectured^ that the students of 
this Hostel migrated to the building in Preachers' Street, of 
which we are speaking, carr}4ng their name with them. 

It is not here necessary to dwell upon the history of this 
Hostel — upon its great reputation in connection with legal 
studies; it was perhaps the chief among the Jun'siae; and a 
long list of distinguished names of its alumni might be recorded. 
Fuller^, "with his usual quaintness, says : " the Scholars hereof, 
as eminent for hard studying, so infamous for their brawlings 
by night." 

A proposal to transfer the Hostel to the site of the dissolved 
Black Friars has been mentioned on p. 12. 

We pass on to post-Reformation times. In the year 1582, 
the building was in the possession of Simon Watson^, and, 
three years later, Sir Henry Killigrew* purchased it for the 
sum of £140, in order that a suitable Lodge might be made 
for Dr Laurence Chaderton, the first Master of the newly 
founded Emmanuel CoUege. 

Strange to say, by a curious mistake, in William Smith's 
pretty line Plan of Cambridge issued (after Lyne) in 1588, the 
Parish Church is called St Nicholas^. It may be added that 
there was a St Nicholas's Chapel in the Church (of Great 
St Andrew). 

Another building, which was used as a Hostel or Inn for 
students, was known as the Brazen George^. It was situate on 

1 Willis and Clark, u.s.. i, p. xxvii. 

2 History, ed. Prickett and Wright, p. 59. 
^ Coopers Memorials, iii, p. 215. 

Willis and Clark, u.s., ii, pp. 692-3. 
^ A church dedicated to St Nicholas formerly stood on part of the site of 
King's CoUege and was demolished by Henry VI at the foundation of his 
ollege. (See Caius, History, pp. 67 and 120, and Fuller, History, p. 150.) 
* History of St John's CoUege, Baker-Mayor, i, pp. 92, 355. 



\i] ACADEMIC BUILDINGS 23 

the west side of the main street, to the south of St Andrew's 
Church (where the Post Ofl&ce formerly stood— the clock whereof 
still remains on the outside of the premises, now occupied by 
Messrs Coote & Warren). 

In the reign of Henry VI (2 February, 1445-6) it became the 
property of Geoffrey Xe^^le, who had sold his house (wherein 
students dwelt) to the King for the site of King's College, on 
condition of another equally good being found for him. 

The Brazen George was given to Christ's College by its third 
Master (1511-17) Dr Thomas Thompson^, who had been a 
member of Pembroke. In the deed the abuttals are as follows : 
the Church on the north, the lands of Thomas Bracebridge 
(alias Barber) on the south and east, and "the common ditche 
called the Kynge's ditche on the west." 

(It may be added that Dr Thompson also gave to the 
CoUege a house adjacent to the Brazen George, which was named 
from successive tenants "Scocroft's" and "Troilus Atkinson's.") 

The Brazen George was long used as a dwelling-place for 
some of the scholars of Christ's, "and ye Gates there were 
shut and open'd Morning and Evening constantly as ye College 
gates were." In the Report^ to Archbishop Laud dated 1636, 
it is stated of Christ's College : 

"Hard by this Hotise is a town Inn (they call it the Brazen Greorge) wherein 
many of these SchoUers live lodge and study, and yet the statutes of the 
Universitie require that none lodge out of the Colledge where no Govemour 
or tutor can looke after their pupUls as they ought." 

Edmund Carter, in his History of the University of Cambridge^, 
in a list of the Inns and Hostels, includes "St Michael's Hostel, 
now the Brazen-George-yard, in St Andrew's," and Mr C. H. 
Cooper^ repeats the statement, adding: "it was apparently 
disused as a Hostel before 1521." But neither of these writers 
gives his authority for the use of the name "St ^lichael's." 

We have seen that for long the Brazen George was intimately 
connected with Christ's, and we naturally now cross from the 

1 History of Christ's College, J. Peile, Litt.D., p. 42. 

2 lb. p. 155. 

' History, p. 16. 

* Memorials of Cambridge, iii, p. 215. 



24 ACADEMIC BUILDINGS [CH. 

west of the street to that renowned College on the opposite 
side. 

But we have first to deal with an older academical building. 
We have already seen^ that one or two scholastic establishments 
displaced by Henry VI for the site of his great College had 
migrated to our neighbourhood. We must now mention the 
fact that Henry had similarly transplanted a school or college 
of Grammar which William Bingham^ had about 1439 erected 
near Clare College. The title of the new building — "God's 
House" — was carried wdth it to the land acquired just outside 
Barnwell Gate. Henry YI purposed to do much for this new 
foundation. As Fuller^ puts it: "This King had an intention 
(had not deprivation, a civil death, prevented him) to advance 
the scholars of this foundation to the full number of sixty, 
though (a great fall) never more than four lived there for lack 
of maintenance." We must not however follow the welfare — 
or rather the poverty — of the new "God's House" in Preachers' 
Street, but proceed to relate (still quoting Fuller) how "the 
Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby (accounting 
herself, as of the Lancastrian line, heir to all King Henry's 
godly intentions), only altered the name from God's House to 
Christ's College, and (in the year 1505) made up the number, 
viz. one master, twelve fellows, forty-seven scholars, in all 
sixty." 

We must not here follow the fortunes of the illustrious 
house, with which are connected the names of Milton, of 
Darwin, and of many other men of renown. 

We must only record the acquisition of the plots of ground 
upon which the College was founded and has grown. 
Mr J. W. Clark, in that monumental work — Willis and Clark's 
Architectural History'^ of the University of Cambridge — treats 
this question admirably and in great detail, illustrating his 
description with an elaborate plan. He describes the seven 
long strips of land which were acquired, six of which had 
their narrow western end abutting on Preachers' Street, and 
1 See p. 22. 

* History of ChrisVs College, J. Peile, Litt.D., pp. 1, etc. 
' History, ed. Prickett and Wright, p. 181. 

* Vol. ii, pp. 187, etc.. and vol. iv, Christ's College, Fig. 1. 



VI] ACADEMIC BiriLDINGS 25 

extended eastward about 90 or 100 yards to a water-course 
which, though covered up, still runs through the second court. 
The first two strips had been purchased by William Bingham 
in the years 1446 and 1448 from the abbeys of Titley and of 
Denny. The plot to the north was acquired by William 
Fallan, the third Proctor or Master of God's House, from 
William Herrys in 1448 ; while ten years later William Basset, 
the fourth Master, bought of Brian Fishwick, heir of John 
Fishwick a University bedell, two strips to the south, one next 
the Titley piece, and the other at the corner of the lane leading 
towards Hinton. Basset, a few years later (in 1474) acquired 
the intervening strip from the Priory of St Edmund of Semp- 
ringham. Mr J. W. Clark proceeds to quote deeds relating to 
the purchase of other adjacent properties, until the whole of 
the present site of Christ's College had been acquired. 

It only remains — in this section on the scholastic buildings 
outside the Barnwell Gate — to record the foundation of 
Emmanuel College, as the ultimate inheritor of the Dominican 
buildings and grounds. 

After the surrender of the Black Friars' Monastery in 1538 
to Henry VIII, that monarch (in 1544) granted^ the premises 
to Edward Elrington and Humphrey Metcalfe, from whom they 
passed in the following year to William Sherwood, whose son 
George granted them in 1581 to Robert Taylor, from whom they 
were acquired in 1583 by Richard Culver well and Laurence 
Chaderton, his brother-in-law. The last named had already 
been nominated by Sir Walter Mildmay to the mastership of 
the College which he was about to found. On November 23rd, 
1583, the brothers-in-law conveyed to Sir Walter 

"all that the scite, circuit, ambulance, and precinct of the late Priory of 
Fryers preachers commonly called the blackfryers within the town of 
Cambridge . . . and all mesuages, houses, buildinges, barnes, stables, dove- 
houses, orchardes, gardens, pondes, stewes, waters, lande, and soyle 
within the said scite .... And aU the walles of stone, brick, and other thinges 
composinge and enclosinge the said scite . . . . " 

What changes had already — during the forty and more 
years — taken place in the buildings, etc. is not known ; doubtless 

^ History of Emmanuel College, E. S. Shuckburgh, Litt.D., pp. 3, etc. 



26 ACADEMIC BUILDINGS [CH. VI 

the usual stripping of lead and other spoliations had occurred 
at an early date, and probably various alterations had been 
made during the generation while the Sherwoods made their 
dweUing-place here; but, at the foundation of Emmanuel, 
certain parts of the monastery seem to have been worked into 
the new estabUshment. Puritan feeHng was shown by the 
conversion of the Friars" Church into the new dining-hall; 
while the refectory of the old convent was repaired and fitted 
up as a Chapel, with chambers above it. The architect employed 
was Ealph Symons, whose portrait is in the gallery, and who 
had done much work in connection with Trinity and St John's. 
The chief entrance to the College was in the middle of a wall 
facing Emmanuel Lane. 

It may be noted that., in consideration of Ralph Symons's 
ser^-ices to Emmanuel, an advantageous lease^ of the house 
just north of the College was granted to him in 1586. The house 
demised stood at the north corner of Preachers' Street and 
Emmanuel Lane : 

"Betweene the tenement called the Antelopp towardes the northe, and the 
comon lane leading by the wall of the Black Fryers now Emmanuel College 
on the southe, and the west parte abutteth upon . . . Preachers Streete, 
and the part towards the east on the tenement or groiind belonging to 
St John's College." 

The corner house above described was known as Roxton 
Hall in the next centurv, and it adjoined certain houses which 
together formed a range called the Pensionary. 

1 Willis and Clark, Architectural History, ii, pp. 692-3. 



27 



CHAPTER VII 

LATER BUILDINGS 

The word "later" is, of course, an elastic term; and the 
writer asks to be pardoned if, in the same chapter — for con- 
venience' sake — he names certain buildings and houses which 
are associated with difierent dates and even with difierent 
centuries. 

To begin, bv the Barnwell Gate, on the east side : reference 
has already been made to the messuages and plots of ground 
which were absorbed at the foundation of Christ's College, or 
rather of God's House. These, as has been said, are given 
with such detail in WiUis and Clark's Architectural History, 
that we may pass on to the group of buildings next, south. 

Between what are now Christ's Lane and Emmanuel Lane 
(where are at present some fourteen houses, viz. Xos. 70 to 57 
of St Andrew's Street), there stood in ancient times chiefly a 
number of small cottages, a number varving at different dates. 

We print on the following page, by the kind permission of 
the Bursar of Emmanuel, a curious old plan (dated 1635) of 
the first 129 feet of the frontage (i.e. from Xo. 70 to Xo. 65). 
Xone of the buildings here pictured (except perhaps Vine 
House) was of any importance; all of those were Radegund 
property. It will be noticed that they are said to be bounded 
on the south by "Dr Chaderton's house, etc." 

This brings us, therefore, to the building known formerly 
as "St Xicholas's Hostel" which has been described in detail 
in a former section. This is now occupied by Mr Ginn's offices, 
Xos. 64 and 63 St Andrew's Street. 

Xext come the present Xos. 62 and 61, now used as 
University Offices. "We have seen, in giving the abuttals of 



(^/zriscs Cotuca^c pe 



Easf 



oriAc^inJaii£j[liariorvGoft^J 



*^ 14- Yards 4- yards yards 



(■yards yards 



yorth 




5oidh\ 



and ly yardcs wc^i(aoLrs I 18 J^T^dcs cafCed ^i, yyrU- \ S" yardts /%■ 
jfiL u/ay Lcadirvq dront '^aritrouqctic. io Cjuartuddl. Co^^^^ j::^^^^^. 



'^cad£cd Praoudzcrs sirtdh. ttatJm<3 iodinioTt 



rW^slr 



^ 



■Tcvy 



The Vine Estate. 
{From John JelleWs Terrier, 1635.) 



CH. VIl] LATER BUILDINGS 29 

St Nicholas's Hostel in the year 1585, that on the south 
stood "the Chequer" ; this (No. 62) and the adjacent tenement 
were in 1688 in the possession of Dr Christopher Greene, the 
Professor of Physic (who held considerable property in Cam- 
bridge) ; and members of his family owned it for many years. 
In the middle of the eighteenth century it was the residence of 
Mr Richard Whish, a celebrated Cambridge citizen, who under 
somewhat peculiar circumstances (characteristically recorded 
by Cole) amassed a large fortune. 

It need only be added that the present lofty erection was 
built by a former Alderman, after whom it was known as 
"Ranee's Folly." 

Where Nos. 60 and 59 now stand were formerly two or three 
small tenements — one of which was long called "the Three 
Archers." 

The site of No. 58 has an interesting history. It has 
belonged for centuries to St John's. In the year 1532 we 
learn, from an account in the archives of that College, that 
there were here three cottages "leased to Richard Stronge, 
slayter, of Cambridge." The abuttals are thus given: "on a 
tenement belonging to Ely Rectory on the south ; on a garden 
belonging to Dr Lee to the north ; on the highway to the west ; 
and on a garden belonging to the college to the east." A series 
of leases in the bursary of St John's shows the names of the 
occupiers of these cottages during the next two centuries. 
We pass on to the year 1743, when they were leased to the 
Rev. John Mickleborough, a fellow of Corpus, who was Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry in the University and who held the livings 
of St Andrew the Great and Landbeach. This gentleman, 
after his marriage, demolished the cottages and built a mansion 
which is doubtless the substantial house now numbered 58. 
Since the death of Mr Mickleborough in 1756, this has been in 
the hands of well-known medical men ; .the first of whom was 
Mr Thomas Thackeray. This doctor belonged to a family 
renowned in classical, scholastic, medical, military and literary 
circles. He married Lydia, daughter of his neighbour, 
Mr Whish ; this lady survived her husband for many years, 
and lived in the house until her death in the year 1830. 



30 LATER BUILDIlSrGS [CH. 

Another Miss Whish became the wife of Francis Gunning, 
father of the esquire-bedell, in whose racy Reminiscences may 
be read various allusions to the Thackeray family, Mr Thomas 
Thackeray's eldest son, William Makepeace Thackeray, was 
a renowned physician in the city of Chester; another son, 
Frederick, succeeded his father in the Cambridge home and 
practice; his daughter Jane married Professor George Pryme, 
who likewise published Reminiscences, wherein may be seen 
interesting references to the family. Mr Thomas Thackeray's 
nephews included the celebrated General Frederick Rennell 
Thackeray, Dr George Thackeray, Provost of King's (1814 to 
1850), and Kichmond, father of the novelist William Make- 
peace Thackeray. Other interesting details might be given. 
Mr Carter, the surgeon, succeeded Mr Frederick Thackeray ; and 
was himself succeeded by Mr Lucas, from whom the surgery 
and practice passed to the present occupier, Mr Johnson. 

Before passing from No. 58 to the corner house, it should 
be added that the most southern of the three cottages, which 
formerly stood on the site with which we have been dealing, 
was long known as The Antelope. 

We come lastly to the corner house, No. 57. This was of 
old the property of the Hospital of St John and St Mary 
Magdalene of Ely; but the Emmanuel authorities early in 
their career obtained possession of it by the gift of Dr Leedes, 
the Master of Clare College. We have already seen how, in 
the year 1586, a beneficial lease thereof had been granted to 
the architect Ralph Symons. He built certain new buildings, 
including a range called The Pensionary, next to the corner 
house along Emmanuel Lane. This was apparently inhabited 
not by students, but by servants of the College. About a 
century later, the corner house was rebuilt, and was then known 
as Roxton Hall. 

In the lease granted to Ralph Symons, this property 
(consisting, and still consisting, of some nine cottages) is said 
to be bounded on the east by " the tenement or ground belonging 
to St John's College^." This shows that the property of that 

^ An old rental, dated 6 Henry VII, preserved in St John's College, speaks 
of this being leased to John Howlyn. The abuttals were: a tenement of 



Vn] LATER BUILDINGS 31 

College at the rear of The Antelope (mentioned in dealing with 
what is now 58, St Andrew's Street) reached to Emmanuel 
Lane. 

Of the nine tenements eastward from Roxton Hall, the last 
was of old used by the College as a lime-house; but in 1772, 
this building wdth the said corner house and the adjacent 
cottage were leased to Mrs Lydia Thackeray. Continuing 
along the lane just named, it may be noted that the authorities 
of St John's, in the year 1872, allowed Mr Ranee a passage 
from his large house in St Andrew's Street into the lane next 
to No. 9, and the Alderman here erected a tenement known as 
Southgate Lodge. 

Next to this came a small property. No. 10, which was long 
in the hands of the Corporation. This, however, like most of 
the block we are considering, has now been acquired by the 
neighbouring College. 

For the new Emmanuel buildings lately erected, this house 
(No. 10) and other tenements, which formerly stood between 
it and the east end of the lane, have been demolished. 

They may be briefly recalled as follows : Six tenements 
(Nos. 11 to 16) came next, the first of which was larger than 
the others. From its occupation in the middle of the eighteenth 
century by a Mr Thomas Wright, it was formerly known by 
his name. Later on it was occupied by the esquire-bedell, 
John Beverley, whom Gunning so disliked. In the nineteenth 
century it passed, with the adjacent five cottages, into the hands 
of a well-known Cambridge citizen Mr Peete Musgrave, from 
whom it passed to one of his distinguished sons. It was latterly 
occupied by Mr James W. Prior, solicitor. 

Passing the small cottages (Nos. 12 to 16), the mansion 
next was (together wdth certain adjacent tenements at the 
corner of the lane and round in Drummer Street) formerly 
known as the White Horse. This property was purchased 
early in the seventeenth century by Emmanuel College; the 
abuttals were said to be : Preachers' Lane on the south, the way 

St John the Baptist of Ely on the west, a tenement belonging to the Town 
Treasury on the east, on the south "super Regiani Viam, vocatam Cowlane.'^ 
This gives us a new, or rather an old name, for the Lane. 



32 LATER BUILDINGS [CH. 

to Barnwell Fields on the east, the grounds of St Nicholas's 
Hostel on the north, and on the west partly a messuage of 
William Parkins and a barn (called Andrew's Barn). In the 
large house at the end of the eighteenth century dwelt the Rev. 
George Borlase (who was Registrary and afterwards Professor 
of Moral Theology). On the death of his widow in 1836 a 
Mr Searle lived there ; and later on the house passed successively 
into the hands of Mr Gunning and Mr Clement Francis, remaining 
in the possession of the family of the latter until its recent 
demolition. 

As to the eastern road, which we have now reached (called 
formerly Hinton Lane, or the way to Barnwell Fields, and now 
known as Drummer Street), it need only be said that there 
were certain small cottages which were part of the "White 
Horse" property. One of these, styled the "Heart's Ease," 
" being a low public-house was converted into three respectable 
tenements" by Mr Francis, who also was permitted to pull 
down a brewhouse which stood at the east end of the St Nicholas's 
Hostel grounds. A piece of waste ground by the side of the 
road was claimed by the Corporation, but this was long since 
purchased by the College authorities. 

On the same road, passing towards the south, at the east 
of the College grounds, there formerly stood (besides the College 
Brewhouse) two houses. In one of these the Rev. Robert 
Masters, the historian of Corpus, at one time resided; and 
Mr Gunning, the esquire-bedell, tells us in his Reminiscences 
that he, for some years, resided with his widowed mother {nee 
Whish) in Emmanuel House, as the building was called. In the 
year 1821, a lease of the property was granted to Rev. James 
Goodwin (formerly Bones), who resided there for many years. 
In 1886, the Emmanuel authorities demolished the buildings 
and replaced them by a tutor's house and the Hostel Buildings. 

Returning to the main street, and going south past the 
College, we come to the houses now numbered 56 and 55, the 
latter of which is occupied by Mr Congreve. This site is of no 
little interest, for until comparatively lately it was (and 
probably had been for six or seven centuries) the property of 
the ecclesiastical authorities at Ely. Here was perhaps the 



Vn] LATER BUILDINGS 33 

grange so often referred to in connection with St Andrew the 
Great. It was probably at this house that a Mr John Delaport, 
in 1763, "opened a Coffee Room next to Emmanuel College, 
in a pleasant garden." The long and extraordinary advertise- 
ment of this establishment is given in full in Cooper's Annals, 
iv, 328, 329. In 1858 it was purchased by the late Alderman 
Charles Finch Foster, who built a manse for the Baptist Chapel 
opposite. The property was, however, acquired by Emmanuel 
College in the year 1899. 

In a map of Cambridge published by Cadell and Davies in 
1808, there are one or two other tenements further south along 
the Hills Road, terminating with a veterinary surgery, occupying 
part of the present University Arms. No other buildings lay 
to the south of this. 

Across the street, on the west side of Hills Road, according 
to the same map, was the Old Theatre, where the Downing 
Porter's Lodge now stands. Reference to this "Playhouse" 
may be seen in the lease of the site made by the Corporation 
to the present holder. 

Let us now return northwards towards the Barnwell Gate. 
We immediately meet, as already mentioned, older buildings. 

First in interest, though not in order, we notice the notorious 
Spinning House, or Hobson's Workhouse, which was founded 
by the carrier-benefactor of that name in the year 1628. It 
has comparatively lately (in 1901) been replaced by the Borough 
Police Station. 

The former rural character of this part of St Andrew's 
Street may be noted from the description of the building in 
Carter's History of the County of Cambridge'^, commenced in 
the middle of the eighteenth century : 

"The Bridewell (called by the inhabitants the Spinning House) is 
pleasantly situated near the fields at the south end of the parish of Great 
St Andrew's, and is chiefly used for the confinement of such lewd women 
as the Proctors apprehend in houses of ill fame; though sometimes the 
Corporation send small offenders thither, and the crier of the town is 
often there to discipline the ladies of pleasure with his whip." 

If we go back to the date of the indenture^ of feoffment by 

^ Carter, u.s.. p. 19. 

^ Report of the Commissioners for inquiring concerning Charities, 1838, p. 24 
C. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XLVII. 3 



34 LATER BUILDINGS [CH. 

which Thomas Hobson conveyed the property to the trustees, 
we find further proof of the rustic appearance of the estate, 
which is described as 

"a messuage and tenement, dove-house and site of a dove-house, a barn, 
and all houses and edifices then built upon the farms, gardens, curtilages, 
courts and grounds thereunto belonging, with all their appurtenances, in 
the parish of St Andrew, without Barnwell-gate in Cambridge." 

The deed seems to imply that some kind of "poor-house" 
had ah-eady stood on the site. 

As the writer has already ^ dealt in detail with the Spinning 
House and its history in a former communication to this 
Society, nothing further need be said upon the subject here 
and now. 

Only — as leading on to the next paragraph — it may be 
pointed out that employment was specially found for " combers 
of wooll" and the weavers of the town, and that several of the 
keepers of Hobson's Workhouse are described as " woolcombers " 
and "worsted-weavers." 

In an old Cambridge newspaper 2, it is stated that on 
the 3rd of February, 1791, "the wool-combers of this place 
rode through the principal streets in grand procession, attended 
with flags and martial music, in commemoration of Bishop 
Blaze." 

Now, it will be remembered that the ecclesiastic just 
named was the patron saint of weavers and woolcombers. 
We cannot, therefore, be surprised that a well-known Inn in 
the neighbourhood of Hobson's Workhouse was c^led the 
Bishop Blaise. This Inn was however pulled down by the 
much abused Bishop Watson and replaced by a mansion (still 
standing) which he named Llandaff Hoiise, after the diocese to 
which he was appointed in 1782, which he held for thirty- 
four years, and which (following the example of Archbishop 
Laud, when he held a Welsh bishopric) he is said never to have 
visited. The conversion of the Inn into a private residence* 

^ Cambridge Parish Workhouses, C.A.S. Proceedings, lix, pp. 87-94. 

* Cambridge Chronicle, quoted in Cooper's Annals, iv, p. 44 L 

^ For nearly a century this house was the home of a well-known private school. 



Vn] LATER BUILDINGS Z5 

was commemorated by that somewhat spiteful epigrammatist, 
William Lort Mansel (afterwards Master of Trinity and Bishop 
of Bristol) in the following lines: 

"Two of a trade can ne'er agree — 
No proverb can be juster; 
They've ta'en down Bishop Blaise, you see, 
And put up Bishop Bluster." 

Blaise Inn — which, by the bye, was partly in the parish 
of Great St Andrew and partly in that of St Benedict — stood a 
few doors to the south of the Spinning House. 

It should be added that in the year 1788, the town gaol 
was removed from the old building adjoining the Town Hall, 
called the Tolbooth, to a newly-erected edifice in the old lane, 
now called Downing Place. This building, which stood at the 
back of the Spinning House, opened by a large gate into the 
main street, just south of that Workhouse. The new gaol cost 
the town £911. 10s. A very curious account of the condition 
of this and other prisons in Cambridge may be seen in the 
Gentleman's Magazine^, for the year 1802. 

On June 23rd, 1827, the royal assent was given to an Act 
for building a new gaol for the town of Cambridge ; a curiously- 
shaped prison accordingly was erected soon afterwards on 
Corporation ground to the south of Parker's Piece, from the 
design of Mr Wm M'Intosh Brookes, at a total cost of £25,000. 
From the year 1829 to May 15th, 1879, when this gaol was 
dismantled, it formed a prominent feature in the south of 
Cambridge. 

Reference need not here be made to the transference of 
prisoners, etc. to the old gaol at the Castle Hill. But it must 
of course be recorded, that in the year 1901, the site of the 
Spinning House and of the Downing Place prison was covered 
by elaborate new Police offices, erected from the designs of 
Mr John Morley, architect. 

Next to the Spinning House, on the north, stands and has 
stood for nearly two centuries the Meeting Place of the Baptist 
community. To the rear of this, in Downing Place, there had 
been founded towards the end of the reign of Charles II or the 

^ Gentleman's Magazine, Ixxiv, p. 897; Cooper's Annals, v, p. 527. 

3—2 



36 LATER BtriLDlNGS [CH. 

beginning of that of James II an assembly for the Presbyterians, 
which after a while at the instigation of Joseph Hussey, their 
pastor, was changed to a gathering for CongregationaUsm. 
The varied and interesting history of this society cannot here 
be recorded. In the year 1874, a move was made to Trump- 
ington Street, where at the northern corner of Little St Mary's 
Lane a new Chapel was erected. 

To return to the Downing Place Meeting House. Away 
back in the year 1721 a portion of its congregation seceded and 
started a Baptist community; fitting up as a meeting house a 
stable and a granary in a place called the Stoneyard, next to 
the Spinning House. This place of worship was rebuilt in 
1764, and again in 1837, and yet again in 1904. 

[Speaking of nonconformist chapels, it may be added that 
one of the first places wherein the Methodists met for worship 
was a room in the yard of the Brazen George, which as we have 
seen was just to the south of the parish church. As the town 
ditch ran at the back thereof, this early Wesleyan meeting house 
was known as "the Black Ditch."] 

A door or two away from the Baptist Chapel on the north 
side stood, and still stands, "the Old Castle" Inn already 
mentioned, and next to that (but now converted into two 
shops with a yard between them) was another public-house, 
"the Bricklayers' Arms." This was formerly the well-known 
Michael House Grange. But to this, and to the Old Castle, 
reference has already been made in a previous section. 

Next perhaps to this site — though mention of the fact 
should rather have been made in dealing with the older buildings 
■ — stood of old a messuage which a renowned citizen^, Henry of 
Tangmere, bequeathed in 1361 to his wife Matilda, and which 
that lady and her son gave to Corpus Christi College. The 
property is described as "lying in the parish of St Andrew 
outside Barnwell Gate, between a messuage of John of Essex 
and that late Simon the Glover's, abutting one head on 
Swynecroft, the other on the King's way called Prechour- 
strete." 

^ Masters, History of C.C.C, p. 21; Camb. Gild Records, Mary Bateson, 
C.A.S., xxxix, p. 146. 



VIl] LATER BUILDINGS 37 

A few more houses bring us to the present Downing Street. 
One of the many names by which that road was called, was 
Bird-Bolt Lane. This reminds us that a celebrated Inn so 
named stood for centuries at the northern corner of St 
Andrew's Street and Downing Street. This important building 
was in mediaeval times in the possession of St John's Hospital, 
and it passed into the hands of the College of that name. In 
the archives of this foundation^ — to which the property still 
belongs — may be seen many records of leases relating to 
this well-known hostelry. Some of these may be quoted on 
account of the names of the tenants and for the sake of the 
references to the abuttals. 

On January 12th, 1539, there was granted to William 
Badcocke a tenement with a back yard and garden in St Andrew's 
parish "in the streete commenly called fryer prechers streate, 
buttying on the est ende upon the forsaid streate, next upon a 
yarde called fayer yarde, north upon a tenement of the Kynges 
somtyme perteynyng to the late Monasterye of Barnwell, and of 
the south parte upon a lane called langer lane." The Friars 
Preachers' Street was, as we have often noted, the present 
St Andrew's Street; Langer Lane was one of the names of 
Downing Street; while Fair Yard was of old often applied to 
Hog Hill, or St Andrew's Hill. 

On the 7th March, 1577, a lease was granted to Jo Redayme 
(sic), of Cambridge, gent., of the Burholt with three tenements 
and a garden all in St Andrew's parish, for twenty years, at a 
rent of 285. Mr Redman was a well-known Esquire-Bedell 
(1563-c. 1579), who, like several other of those officials, had 
many financial and commercial dealings. 

In another Lease Book in the Treasury of the same College, 
a grant was made on March 12th, 1596, " to William Munnes of 
Cambridge, yeoman, of the Burholte in St Andrew's parish 
(abutting south on the lane leading to Pembroke hall, east on 
Emmanuel College, west on the lane leading to St Thomas a lees, 
commonly called Slaughterhouse lane, north on one Mason's 

^ The writer desires to express his obligations to that learned and keen 
recorder of the history of his College, the Master of St John's. See also Baker- 
Mayor, index. 



Sa LATER BTJILDIN-GS [CH. 

house), for 20 years, at a rent of 53s. id." The variations in 
describing the abuttals are interesting, but need no comment. 

In the same volume, under date March 27th, 1609, a lease 
was made to William Scarlett of Cambridge, stationer, of the 
Burbolte in St Andrew's parish, for forty years, at the same rent 
as in the last case. On the same day a licence of alienation 
is recorded for the above. William Scarlett was a well-known 
Cambridge stationer. 

From the Victuollers^ Book in the University Registry may 
be quoted the following licence^ granted by the Vice-Chancellor 
in the year 1631 : 

"The Hanging Burbolt in St Andrew's Parish, an Inn. To ALL 
XTIAN PEOPLE to whom these presents shall come to be read or seene, 
HENRY BUTTS Dor of Divinitie and Vice-Chancellor of the University 
of Cambridge, Sendeth Greetinge. KNOW YE that I the said Vice- 
Chancellor, having been credibly informed that the House of William 
Pether, called the Hanging Burbolt, in St Andrew's Parish, in Cambr. 
is a fitt and convenient House to be made an Inn, and hath sufficient and 
fit Lodgings and bedding for such guests as shall resort thither, and large 
stable room for their horses, and convenient and fitt passage into the same, 
have permitted and allowed the said House to be made an Inn, and to be 
hereafter known and called by the Signe of the Hanginge Burbolt. In 
witness whereof I have hereunto sett my hand and seal of office, this 
second day of March A" Dni Juxta etc., 1630. 

HENRY BUTTS, Pro. Cane." 

Dr Butts was the Master of Corpus^ who, having acted so 
heroically during the long-continued outbreak of the plague in 
Cambridge, met with such a tragic death on Easter Day, 1632. 

Between this corner house (where now the Norwich Union 
offices have replaced the old Bird-Bolt Inn) and Great St 
Andrew's Church by the Barnwell Gate, there have for centuries 
been various buildings, some of which are referred to in docu- 
ments still existing in the archives of Corpus Christi, St John's, 
Christ's, Jesus, Emmanuel and other Colleges. Such an one is 
No. 21 (now Messrs Flack & Judge's), which has always been 
known as "the Challice" — which sign, it will be noticed with 

^ Cooper's Annals, vol. iii, p. 238. 

2 Stokes's History of C.C.C., pp. 98-100. 



VIl] LATER BUILDINGS 39 

interest, has been retained on the front of the restored building. 
This tenement was of old the property of Corpus, but was sold 
by that College. It was given to Emmanuel by Dr Harvey in 
1584. The College just named has other houses near — part of 
Messrs Sayle's premises, for instance, which Emmanuel pur- 
chased in the beginning of the seventeenth century from a 
prominent Cambridge citizen named Wolfe. Other property 
in this neighbourhood was at one time in the possession of 
Thomas Bracebridge, a well-known yeoman-bedell. 

Reference has already been made to the Brazen George 
Hostel, to the two houses to its south (once owned by Scocroft 
and Troilus Atkinson) and to the early Wesleyan Chapel to 
its rear. 

This brings us back to the Ditch, to the Church and to the 
Gate. 



CHAPTER VIII 

BY THE WAYSIDE 

It has been conjectured, as noted above, that the road 
which led from Cambridge to the hills in the south-east ran 
parallel to an old Eoman road. It was probably formed 
casually, and it certainly had waste-pieces on either side. 
Until Worts's Causeway was constructed, the road itself must 
have been a very indifferent one. 

Of course, as far down as the Dominican Friary on the east 
side and as Michael House Grange on the west, the frontage 
must have been settled in early times. Though even right up to 
the King's Ditch we read, in an old document^, of " a void ground 
between St Andrew's Church and the Wrestlers," an old Inn at 
this end of the Petty Cury. Again a similar reference speaks 
of "the waste ground near the Grate (?) in St Andrew's." 
While the quotation^ "Ye stoapys a y^ syde Christ's Colledg" 
reminds us that posts in front of the Lady Margaret Foundation 
tell of an uncertainty as to road and pathway. The tall pillars 
in front of the gateway of Christ's with the posts and inter- 
vening rails are elaborately shown in Loggan's print of that 
College (1690) ; and in the map of Cambridge by the same 
careful and skilled artist the condition of the road leading to 
the Hills may be observed ; where it mil be noted that beyond 
"the Blaise Inn" the wayside broadens out. 

The following description ^ — though written comparatively 
lately — records the memories of an old inhabitant: 

"The road now called Regent Street had broad strips of grass, for 
Parker's land did not quite run up to the road on the east side, nor did 

1 See Toll-Case, ed. Hatfield, 1826. 

2 Baker, MSS., iii, 386. 

' S. P. Widnall, Gossiping Stroll through the Streets of Cambridge, p. 107. 



CH. VIIl] BY THE WAYSIDE 41 

St Thomas's Leys (now called Downing College grounds) run up to the 
ground on the other side, but there were two strips left of road-side ground 
which were probably considered waste. 

" The ground on the west side of Regent Street between it and Downing 
Grounds is said to have been gradually occupied by squatters, who inclosed 
patches, or put up buildings which remained undistm'bed long enough for 
them to claim a right of ownership." 

And so, further south, at the sides of what is still called 
Hills Road, were wayside patches. For instance, immediately 
on the east side, near where now stands the Perse School, was 
a large piece of waste ground, called "Ball's Folly." In the 
midst of this ran an open ditch nearly twelve feet in width. 

Here it may be well to refer to the water-course which was 
constructed (early in the seventeenth century) along what are 
now Lensfield Road and (the west side of) Regent Street. This 
is graphically represented in Loggan's map of 1690, and is of 
course still a special feature of Cambridge streets. 

There is in the Bowtell 31 SS^ so good a description of the 
water-course that, though it is somewhat detailed, the whole, 
by the kind permission of the Downing possessors of those 
interesting volumes, is here reproduced. 



The Little New River. 

"Dr Parker, the worthy archbishop of Canterbury, in his chorographical 
table of Cambridge, published in 1574, suggested the great advantage the 
town would derive were the water course enlarged quite down to Cambridge 
from the springs which rise at the foot of the Gogmagog Hills. 

" Due attention being afterwards paid to that judicious intimation, the 
design was put in execution (a.d. 1610), chiefly by the encouragement of 
Dr Montague, master of Sidney College, who with the assistance of a dis- 
tinguished member'^ of the University brought the water in a channel 

1 Bowtell MSS., vol. iii, pp. 707-8. 

* The person chiefly consulted about this scheme was Edward Wright, M.A., 
of Caius College, the most celebrated mathematician of his time: the same 
ingenious man, who, in 1599, projected Mercator's Chart, by describing the 
true principles with their application to navigation. The same gentleman 
also gave the method of carrying the New River from Ware to London, which 
was begun 28th February, 1609, at the expense of Sir Hugh Middleton, who, 
on its completion in 1614, obtained immortal fame for himself, whilst the 
memory of the real inventor was suffered to fall into obhvioD. This excellent 



42 BY THE WAYSIDE [CHv 

about 2| miles in length from the brow of the said hills to the Conduit 
Head at the south end of Cambridge. 

(Then follows an account of the agreement, 6 July, 1610, 
between the University and the town and Mr Chaplin, the 
owner of part of the land passed through.) 

" Whilst the University and the Corporation were employed in forward- 
ing the work of this little river, the ever-memorable Hobson formed the 
design of carrying the water through leaden pipes from the Spittle-house 
to the centre of the town, where a conduit was erected at his expense 
in 1614. 

" The waste water of this new river ran from the conduit-head down 
Trumpington Street, where the inhabitants found it both useful and 
pleasant; insomuch that before the year 1634 Walter Frost ^ then living 
in Preachers' Street caused another cut to be made from the said conduit- 
head to run through Emmanuel College, and so to wash the kennels of 
Preachers' {alias St Andrew's) street, down by Christ College into the 
King's Ditch. Towards perfecting this work the sum of 50ii was con- 
tributed by Christ College. 

" Most of the streets of Cambridge are capable of being rendered 
pecuHarly salubrious by the constant flow of this pleasant stream. 

" Court of Sewers. 

"At the C4uyld Hall in Cambridge, April 23rd 1634, it appeared that 
whereas heretofore Gualter ffrost hath been appointed by the order of the 
Court expenditor to lay out certaine somes of money in clensing the River 
of Grant within the liberties of Cambridge, which sums ought to have been 
repaid him last year, it was ordered that Mr Frost should be reimbursed 
by such inhabitants of the town as received the benefit of the commons 
belonging to the town; 

" and whereas part of the new river is of late brought from the Spittle- 
house-end and runneth by and through part of Emmanuel College and so 
on the backside of the town to Christ-College-wall, and so down to Wall's- 



mathematician took his first degree in arts 1580-1, and that of M.A. in 1584. 
He invented the standard for weights and measures, and, in 1599, published 
a book entitled The correction of certain errors in navigation, which was 
followed by an improved edition of the same in 1611. He died in 1615. Some 
notice is taken of him in Dr Hutton's Mathematical Dictionary, and also in the 
Monthly Magazine for July and September, 1800. 

^ Mr Frost was a native of Suffolk. He afterwards became secretary to 
the Council of State. See Atwell's Faithful Surveyor, ed. Camb. 4to, 1662. 
He lived in a house towards the south-east end of St Andrew's Street, formerly 
inhabited by Mrs Delaporte. His son Walter was admitted of Emmanuel 
College in 1634 {vide Coll. Reg.). 



Vni] BY THE WAYSIDE 43 

end-lane and into the pond^ there; and so runneth about by the Causey 
into Jesus-close-ditch and Nunn's Lake, it is ordered and decreed that 
the same shall from time to time hereafter be clensed^ at the charges of 
the Masters and Fellows of Christ and Emmanuel Colleges. 

" The bridge over this new drain near to Christ College wall to be kept 
in repair by the master and fellows of Christ College, and the bridge near 
to the brewhouse of Emmanuel College, to be hereafter kept in repair by 
the brewer thereof for the time being on pain of xx^ for any default. 

" By the joint consent of the Masters of Christ and Emmanuel Colleges, 
the water is to be, as it may be thought convenient, occasionally let out 
at Emmanuel-lane-end, to run down the street through the grate by Christ 
College into the King's Ditch, for the convenience and benefit of the 
inhabitants." 

The construction of the water-courses, thus described, 
necessitated the building of vaults, or "bridges," whenever 
they crossed a road or passed under special places. 

Thus, in Loggan's Map, at the commencement of the 
present Hills Road, there is shown a small bridge in the middle 
of the highway. This was known as "Sentry Bridge." It is 
alluded to, for instance, in the following extract from an Act 
of Parliament^ as to the repair of certain roads — among which 
is this: "from the Sentry Bridge at the south end of Regent 
Street to the Conduit Head where the said road joins the road 
from the north end of Addenbrooke's Hospital." 

(The writer ventures to suggest that the curious name of 
this bridge is connected with the fact that, in Cromwellian* 
days, a great ditch was cut and a bank thrown up at the north- 
east corner of the cross-roads now being considered, i.e. at the 
Hyde Park Corner where Lensfield road meets Regent Street.) 

1 This pond was on the east side of Jackenett's Almshouses. It was filled 
up a few years a.go, and houses are now built on the same spot, leaving only a 
passage (named New Street) leading from King's Street into Christ College 
Pieces (so written 1808). ("The pound" referred to may be seen represented 
on Loggan's Map, 1690. H. P. S.) 

2 The late Dr Peile, Master of Christ's College, told the writer, that once, 
when the water had been cut off during the process of cleansing, it was without 
notice turned on again, and the workmen who were employed in the channel 
received a good wetting (H. P. S.). 

* Which received the Royal Assent on May 9th, 1828. 

* See a MS. in the archives of Downing College, quoted by Prof. Maitland 
in Township and Borough, p. 115. 



44 BY THE WAYSIDE [CH. 

Another name for Sentry Bridge^ was Stone Rake Bridge^. 

Again when "the Brick Building^" was erected at Emmanuel 
in the mastership of Dr William Sandcroft, the contractor was 
ordered on February 9th, 1633, to make "A sufficient Vault, 
ouer the River," i.e. a tunnel to cover the water-course as it 
passed underneath the new set of college rooms. 

And so in connection with the King's Ditch, the following 
phrase* "vought apud seynt Andrewstulpes " may perhaps be 
thus interpreted: a bridge over the ditch near the post of 
Barnwell Gate. While "Wales lane brigge" may mean a 
vault over the King's Ditch in Hobson Street, or its continuation. 

The horseman who rode along the Causeway to the Gog- 
magogs, or the traveller who was journeying to Colchester, as 
he passed through "the town's end beyond Emmanuel College," 
could not but notice as the houses ceased on the east side of 
the road, the large open space called Parker's Piece, and on 
the west the St Thomas's Leys and the Marsh (where Downing 
College now stands). 

Although these lands will be dealt with in the chapter upon 
the " Open Fields," a few words must be added here upon these 
prominent spaces outside the Barnwell Gate. 

It has been noted that Parker's Piece became Corporation 
property by exchange in 1613, to be "laid out from tillage unto 
sward ground, and to remain and abide for ever common of 
pasture at all seasons of the year," being "ordered in such 
sort as the other commons of the town were or ought to be." 

As to the appearance of this celebrated Piece, a quotation 
may again be made from the interesting reminiscences^ of 
Mr Widnall: 

"At first the land lay in ridges and furrows, with ditches and hawthorn 
trees about; on the west side was a small brook ("the new river") on its 

^ In the Trust Accounts of the Commissioners of the New River is the 
following entry, at p. 48: "1821. Cash towards widening Gentry Bridge .. . 
2. 2. 0." Quoted by the late Mr Geo. Matthew in a note-book on Cambridge 
waterways in the Cambridge Free Library. 

2 BowteU MSS., iii, p. 420. 

* Willis and Clark, Architectural History, vol. ii, p. 696, 

* Mr Arthur Gray, in the Cambridge Chronicle, 23 Oct. 1894. 
' Gossiping Stroll through the Streets of Cambridge, p. 107. 



VIIl] BY THE WAYSIDE 45 

way to Barnwell Gate and the King's Ditch; it was the resort in spring 
of the youth of the town who went there maying. At length three college 
cricket clubs levelled and re-laid part of it to play upon, and afterwards 
it was all levelled and fenced round, chiefly by the exertions of JVIr Humfrey, 
who was Mayor at that time (1837). 

"Previous to 1818 there were no houses round it. . . . 

" Parker's Piece was not always the compact square that we now see 
it. It was divided by a hedge and ditch starting from somewhere at the 
back of the Prince Regent Inn, which proceeded in an irregular line towards 
East Road. The part on the south side of this hedge was caUed Donkey 
Common, as weU as the land still so named on the other side of the road, 
a portion of which was enclosed to build a town gaol in 1827-8. This 
was taken down a few years ago (1879) when Queen Anne's Terrace was 
built on the site. Thus we see that this road had broad strips of grass on 
each side." 

On the other side of the main road, as may be seen from 
Loggan's Map (1688), a large part was called the Marsh, while 
another portion was known as St Thoynas's Leys, "formerly," 
(says quaint Fuller^) "the Campus Martins of the scholars here 
exercising themselves^, sometimes too violently ; lately disused, 
either because young scholars now have less valour,- or more 
civility." 

This chapter on the wayside will conclude with an account^ 
of the extraordinary and very discreditable dealings of the 
unreformed Corporation of Cambridge, as revealed at the 
Inquiry by Royal Commissioners in 1833. 

Our concern here is only with the transactions among 
themselves of some of the privileged corporators as to the 
vacant pieces of land by the roadside — land which evidently 
was soon to become valuable. 

Great surprise was created when the report announced for 
what small sums sales and leases for long terms had been 
arranged. 

^ History of the Univ. of Camb., ed. Priokett and Wright, p. 60. 

* In an order as to the playing of football by the colleges, it was stated 
(29 Oct. 1632) that C.C.C. should be upon St Thomas Layes, and Pembroke 
upon the said ground, "but as they play not within 5 or 6 layes neere one to 
the other." Quoted in the Cambridge Review, 4 March, 1909. 

' Digested Report of the evidence before the Commissioner.i, 1833, pp. 49, 
etc. 



46 BY THE WAYSIDE [CH. VIII 

The following are examples: 

The land, on which the last ten or twelve shops just south 
of the University Arms now stand, was granted to a favoured 
alderman at a rent of 10s., the purchase money being one guinea ! 

A large portion of the rest of Eegent Street on both sides, 
with a total frontage of 1386 feet was, for £24, given to an 
agent who handed it on to another select alderman. 

Yet another of these corporators secured the well-known 
estate, Michael House Grange, then called the " Bricklayers' 
Arms," for £20 purchase and a rent of eight guineas. 

Further south alongside the Hills Road, a plot of about 
two acres just past where St Paul's Church now stands was 
purchased for £40 by one of the reigning city fathers, who 
the next year disposed of it for 400 guineas. 

A relative of the purchaser just named secured from the 
select Corporation a piece of waste land near the Centry (sic) 
Bridge, containing 168 ft. in length by 40 ft. in breadth, for the 
sum of one guinea. 

And another piece in the same neighbourhood, near where 
the Perse School now is, was also purchased for a similar sum 
and a rent of 5s. 

And so on ! 

Anyone who reads the report quoted from, or who consults 
the list of Mayors of Cambridge for fifty years previously to the 
year 1832, will not doubt that the reforms wrought by the 
Municipal Corporations Act (1835) were called for. 



CHAPTER IX 

''THE OPEN fields" 

On the south-east, as on the north-west, of the old borough 
of Cambridge lay a vast (triple) system of Open Fields. 

At the time when the Church of Great St Andrew was first 
built, and before the Dominican Friary was founded, these 
fields probably reached right up to where the King's Ditch 
afterwards ran. And only gradually were erected the public 
buildings, of which mention has been made, and the farms and 
granges which fortunate owners of strips on the roadside near 
the town made for agricultural and other purposes. 

Right away therefore from the neighbourhood of the Mills 
near the Small Bridges across to the little bridge over the 
Stour — from Coe Fen to Newmarket Road — stretched the 
Open Fields with their varied crops. Here and there were plots 
of meadow — doles and closes ; but meadows were scarce in 
Cambridge. Here and there were open commons, or later on 
fields were "laid out from tillage unto sward ground" — as, for 
instance, Parker's Piece, where in the memory of living men 
"the ridges" of the former ploughed lands were still visible, 
or on the Downing "leys" and grounds which have been sold 
to the University and where even yet the newly erected scien- 
tific Buildings have spared certain "way-balks." 

It may perhaps be permitted to give a brief account of the 
Common-Field system of husbandry, which for more than a 
thousand years prevailed throughout England generally, and 
around, or shall we say within, the old borough of Cambridge 
in particular. 

The Open Fields consisted chiefly of arable lands, though 
there were interposed certain furlongs laid out as meadows for 



48 " THE OPEN FIELDS " [CH. 

supplying hay, and there were pasture lands commonable for a 
certain number of cattle. On the outlying waste lands rough 
grazing could also be had. 

The arable land was generally divided into three fields, 
though sometimes there were only two. The fields under 
consideration to the south-east of Cambridge — "the Barnwell 
Fields," as they were generally called — were three in number : 
Ford Field (beginning at the Trumpington Ford and reaching 
to the Linton or the Hills Koad), Middle Field (between Linton 
and Hinton roads), and Bradmore Field (which stretched from 
the last mentioned way to Newmarket Road). But there was 
a smaller field, called Estenhale or Stourbridge Field, right to 
the east, which was reckoned with Ford Field in the west in 
the rotation of crops, etc. 

Each of the three fields was divided into "furlongs" or 
"shots," and each of the furlongs into strips, generally 
separated by narrow balks of grass ; broader balks separating 
the furlongs. The pieces of meadow were similarly divided 
into strips. The normal strip was about an acre, which con- 
tained four roods. 

These innumerable and disconnected strips were so divided 
under the theory that lands of different quality might be 
equitably assigned among the holders. 

Turning to the method of cultivation, one of the three great 
fields would be sown in one autumn with wheat to be reaped 
of course about the following August ; in the spring of the next 
year, this field would be sown with oats or barley; while in 
the third year it would lie fallow. The two other fields lay 
fallow successively in the following years; the crops corre- 
sponding to the above arrangement. 

The fields were generally enclosed from seed-time to harvest ; 
after which the fences were taken down and the cattle turned 
in to feed on the stubble. Right through the year the fallow 
land would of course be used as common pasture; while the 
meadows and pastures were commonable between August 12th 
and February 14th. 

During the spring, while the cattle were on the common 
pasture, the meadow would be let grow for hay. When the time 



IX] " THE OPEN FIELDS " 49 

for hav harvest came, each holder cut his own plots, and 
the meadow became commonable during the rest of the 
summer. 

As to the ploughing, the arrangement generally of the three 
j&elds would be, as has been seen : (1) for fallow, (2) for winter 
tillage, (3) for spring tillage. The first work of the winter was 
the ploughing of the wheat field and the sowing of the wheat 
and rye, while the other two fields lay in stubble; and so in 
the spring for the oats and barley. 

A common field-way mostly gave access to the strips, i.e. 
it ran along the side of the furlong and the end of the strips. 
Sometimes when the strips of one furlong ran at right angles 
to the strips of its neighbour, the first strip in the one furlong 
did duty as the headland giving access to the strips in the other. 
The owners of the strips in the furlong had the right to turn 
their plough upon the headland; and thus the owner of the 
headland had to wait until all the other strips were ploughed, 
before he could plough his own. 

It is evident that this method of "champion farming," this 
system of "mingle-mangle," was very inconvenient and un- 
economical. The restraint imposed by common tillage and 
fallow was trying. The interdependence of thrifty and negligent 
husbandmen was galling. 

"As long as a considerable portion of the owners of strips 
were accustomed to yoke their oxen or harness their horses to 
a common plough, the system was a living one, capable of 
growth and modification according to the ideas of the people 
who worked it. It became, as it were, fossilised and dead, 
incapable of other than decaying change, when each occupier 
cultivated his own set of strips by his own plough, or his own 
spade." 

And yet the system existed everywhere in the country until 
the Inclosure Acts of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 
put an end to it. 

In certain townships and manors there still exist maps of 
the open-fields of the neighbourhood; but unfortunately in 
Cambridge no such map is forthcoming. 

C. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XLVIl. 4 



50 " THE OPEN FIELDS " [CH. 

But we still possess certain Field Books and Terriers which 
give in great detail the furlongs and the strips on the north-west 
and on the south-east of our university town. Especially may 
be mentioned a very elaborate Field Book of the transpontine 
Cambridge Fields, deposited in the University Library, and used 
by Mr Seebohm in his book on the English Village Community 
and by Professor Maitland in his fascinating Ford Lectures. 
The last mentioned work also analyses a remarkable terrier 
belonging to Jesus College. The present writer has also been 
allowed to consult this as well as quite a number of field books 
and terriers preserved in some of our older colleges — especially 
at St John's, at Corpus, at Trinity Hall, at Peterhouse^, at 
Trinity, etc. A few of these, like that at Jesus College, give 
both systems of triple fields ; others, hke the Library copy and 
one or two terriers at St John's, give the north-western fields 
only ; while most of the others simply record the strips belonging 
to the individual college ; but as these latter give the abuttals, 
they are not only guides to college property, but they speak 
of the neighbouring strips and balks. 

It has been lamented that no map of the Cambridge Open 
Fields is known at the present time. The writer^, however, has 
ventured to compile a map of the fields outside the Barnwell 
Gate — or rather of most of two of the south-eastern fields — of 
Fordfield and Middlefield. The Jesus book has formed the 
basis of the compilation; but many other terriers and field 
books have been consulted. Only those who have worked at 
such a map will be able to appreciate the difficulty of fitting 
in, from written descriptions, the various furlongs and strips, 
the gores, the balks, the paths, the bridle-ways, etc. In the 
accompanying map (see frontispiece), the compiler is quite 
aware that there is too much regularity in the ordering of some 
of the furlongs and the strips; but he believes that, should 
an old map fortunately leap to light, the general arrangement 
and much of the detail will be found to be recognisable. 

^ Quite lately, some most interesting old Field Books have been mieartlied 
at this College. 

- The writer is much indebted to Mr J. W. Corbett, of King's College, for 
valuable suggestions; and he thanks Mr F. W. Haslop for artistic help. 



IX] " THE OPEN FIELDS " 51 

The numbering of the furlongs here adopted is that of the 
Jesus book : in Middlefield from No. 35 to No. 58 ; in Fordfield, 
from 62 to 75 (the last two of which are in Swinecroft, now 
Downing property, etc.). 

It is to be hoped that the field book just mentioned may 
some time be printed in full, being collated with other terriers 
and illustrated by a constructed map. 

It may be well here to give two or three specimens of furlongs, 
etc. taken from the Radegund volumes, noting, however, that 
various additions and subsequent comments have been made to 
them, since their original compilation in (probably) the second 
half of the fourteenth century. 

Two furlongs may be taken, one from Middlefield — No. 36 
(situate where the Perse School now stands) — and the other 
from Fordfield — No. 65 (through which Coronation Street 
would now run) : 

"Furlong 36. E. & W. (y) 

Sel. Acres Roods Perches 



2 




3 





P.B. 


El, 


2 


1 








Phil. Cayley 


B. 


10 


10 








Mortimer's Dole 


R. 


4 


1 


3 





P.B. 


El, 


4 


1 


3 





Alb. Can. 


B. 


2 


1 








P.B. 


El 


1 




2 





Alb. Can. 


El, 


1 




■ 2 





Nuns 


P. 


1 




3 





P.B. (S) an headland 


P. 



(y) On the south side of King's Lane and abuts west on Hadstock 
Wsbj. Reckon the lands southwards. At the west end of King's Lane 
formerly a Cross, called Daw's Cross. 

(8) Lies in Shepherd's Close (No. 46), except a little piece at the west 
end." 

From other terriers we learn that the last selion just 
mentioned was "headland to Nether Pipe Straw gores at the 
entering of Peshall way, and account 3 roods." 

4—2 



52 "the open fields" [ch. 

It will be noticed that the first two selions, which contain 
three roods, belonged to the Prior of Barnwell (P.B.) ; they 
afterwards passed to St John's College. They paid tithe to 
the Almoner {Elemosinarius) of Barnwell. The next two 
selions belonged of old to a well-known Cambridge citizen, 
Philip Cayley, whose property passed to Trinity Hall. It paid 
tithes to St Benedict's Church (B.). In a terrier preserved at 
that College, the section is thus described : " 3 selions, 1 acre, on 
the south parte of King's Lane next Dawes Crosse, butteth on 
Barnwell land north and Mortimer land south, and west upon 
Hadstock way." The discrepancy in the number of selions 
will be noticed ; but it may be added that there was a tendency 
as time went on to diminish the number of selions. In another 
terrier at Trinity Hall there is a later description of this plot: 
"2 selions, being in the furlong by the side of King's Lane 
south west, on Baule's Folly, hath St John's College Land on 
the north west, and Mortimer's dole on the south east — 1 acre." 
Next comes Mortimer's dole, with twenty selions and ten acres. 
The Mortimer property, as is well known, was inherited by 
Gonville and Caius ; and in a terrier in the archives of that 
College we read: "13 selions of Arable containing 10 acres 
lyeing between Trinity Hall land north, Mr Butler's Land 
south, abutting west on pudding pits alias Ball's folly slabs, 
which separates it from the Road to Gogmagog Hills, and 
east on a close of Mr Butler's land called Lime Kilne Dole." 
The notorious "Squire" Butler was the inheritor of much of 
the Barnwell Priory property ; his Lime-Kiln Dole was in the 
next furlong. No. 37. "Ball's Folly" (known also by other 
names) was a strip of land with a ditch running through, in 
front of the present Perse Boys' School ; the sale of which is 
alluded to on p. 46. Tithes were paid to Radegund (R.). And 
so on, with the other selions ; Alb. Can. was the White Canons, 
whose house was near the present Addenbrooke's Hospital ; 
the Nuns were, of course, those of St Radegund, the prede- 
cessors of the authorities of Jesus College. P. is St Peter's 
Church without the Trumpington Gate, now St Mary's the 
Less. 



IX] " THE OPEN FIELDS " 53 

"Furlong 65. Abuts N. on the last. 
Selions Acres Roods Perches 



5 


2 





11 


P.B., part of Long Croft 


El. 


2 


2 








John Gybon — Tho. Lane 


El. 


2 


1 


2 


20 


P.B. 
A way balk. 


El. 


1 


1 








Alb. Can. 


B. 


1 




3 


12 


P.B. 


El. 


4 


2 








Alb. Can. 


B. 


1 




2 





Nuns in briga 


M.P 


1 




2 





Hanket Poplington 


M. 


1 


1 








J. Gibon. Stake acre 


B. 


6 


2 


2 



(a) per 


P.B. Matrimony Piece (a) 
viam Epi. lib. Pet." 


El. 



Furlong 65 is in Fordfield. It abutted north on Furlong 64, 
which consisted of two doles, south of the present Lensfield 
Road. A terrier at Corpus says that it begins "next the 
Ditch," that is, next a ditch on the west side of the Hills Road. 
The same field book notes that the Way Balk goes " to Trump- 
ington Fordwards"; the map shows that it is continued in 
the furlong (No. 66) to the south. The terrier at C.C.C. adds 
to succeeding selions, " more west." It will be noticed that the 
two last plots in this furlong have, as often happens, local names : 
"Stake acre," and "Matrimony Piece." The latter is said in 
the Bene't terrier to lie "by Bishop's Way." This pathway 
is noted in the Jesus MS. "per viam Episcopi"; the reference 
being to a field book at Peterhouse "lib. Pet.," which seems 
unfortunately to be lost^. At this College, however, there is a 
terrier of "the Semper lands" which were given to it by a 
Bedell in the fifteenth century ; from which we learn that "Stake 
acre" had thus passed to our oldest College; it is described as 
"abutting south on land belonging to St John's College; 
north on lands of Mr Foot ; east on lands of Mr Palmby ; and 
west on lands belonging to Esq. Panton, called Matrimony 
Piece." This terrier is of course late, it is dated 1775; and 
again we see that certain land had passed from Barnwell hands to 
^ But see note on p. 50. 



54 " THE OPEN FIELDS " [CH. 

St John's College, while the bulk of the property had gone to 
Mr Panton. 

The acre just described has a special name — it was called 
"Stake acre," and so, many of the furlongs and of the strips 
had their local names — and this particularly in the college 
terriers and doubtless in terriers belonging to private individuals. 
None of these latter is known to exist; though some may be 
forthcoming if attention is drawn to the subject. Where, for 
instance, is "an old Field Book made by Alderman Bright in 
1575 — a terrier of all the lands within the bounds of Cambridge 
now [said Bowtell (iii, 251) in 1796] in the chest of Great 
St Andrew's Church"? 

It may be interesting to record some of these local names ; 
only it should be noted that several of them are later than 
others, being insertions in the terriers by more recent owners. 

Furlong 35 extended from the Black Friars' Monastery to 
King's Lane and included the doles of St Michael and St Mary, 
which we have seen were united to Parker's Piece. 

Furlong 36 is called "Over Furlong"; it contains a 
"Mortimer's Dole." 

Furlong 37 is "Middle over Furlong"; in it is Lime-Kiln 
Dole, or Brimble (or Bramble) Dole, or Parker's Piece Close. 

Furlong 38 is another "Over Furlong" ; part of it is called 
the short, and part the long furlong. A way balk to Pipe-straw 
gores ran across it. The last two "shoots" go from Hinton 
Way to Peshill Way, and are reckoned again in furlong 44. This 
furlong was also in later times called "the Windmill Furlong," 
as it contained the building which gave its name to the present 
"Mill Road." 

Furlong 39 was called "Hinton Cross Furlong," as it 
abutted against the Cross that stood in Hinton Way. It was also 
called "Hounden Half-acre Footway," from the first plot in it. 

Furlong 40 was known as "Long Dole Furlong," from a 
close which formed part of it. 

Furlong 41 in the earliest field books, some six centuries 
back, is called "Pole Cat Furlong"; and it is interesting to 
notice that a farm of that name still exists on the same spot. 
In this furlong there were several pits. 



ix] "the open fields" 55 

Furlong 42 was called "Fen Furlong," or "Hinton Moor 
Furlong"; it began at Hinton Foot-bridge (which was placed 
over the ditch near the boundary of the borough). 

Furlong 43 had no special features; it lay alongside Peshill 
Way. 

Furlong 44 had "four lands of the Nuns reckoned also (as 
mentioned above) in furlong 38." It included a large dole, 
called "Pit Dole." 

Furlong 45 contained the "over Pipe-straw gores," from 
which a way balk ran across furlong 38 to the Hinton Way. 
Pipestraw was an old Cambridge family name. An acre in 
this furlong was named "Lambert's acre." 

Furlong 46, which is strangely shaped, was called "Shep- 
herd's Close." It included the "Nether Pipe-straw gores," 
which linked it on to furlong 36. 

Furlong 47 was another " Fen Furlong." It contained an acre 
called "Gutter acre," and a dole named "Nether Crane Dole." 

Furlong 48 contained five acres known as "Mere Dole." 

Furlong 49 included " Black Dole," or " Over Crane Dole," 
and "Nuns' Crane Dole," and between them "Eliot's acre," 

Furlong 50 was known as "Rough Furlong." 

Furlong 51, on the east side of Hills Road, like furlong 
73 on the west side, was called "Hadstock Furlong"; and like 
the opposite furlong it has an extensive Pit Dole. A section 
of it, called Stockton's Land, is over against the entry to Little 
Potmoor on the other side of the road. Cayley's land runs 
through this furlong and furlong No. 54. Two acres are 
specially named — Nuns' White acre and Maiden acre. There 
is again a correspondence with the opposite Hadstock furlong 
in large Clay Pits towards the north-west. 

Furlong 52, at the north end of the last, consists only of 
three acres. 

Furlong 53 has a dole called "Long Sevens." 

Furlong 54 was known as " Strange Furlong," and, as noted 
above, it reckoned Philip Cayley's land with No, 5L 

Furlong 55 began at a hill called "Farthing Hill," at the 
north end of Endless Balk in Peshill Way ; it included a selion 
which ran also through furlong No. 57, 



56 "THE OPEN fields" [CH. 

Furlong 56 lay on the east side of Endless Balk ; it contained 
a White Dole, an acre called "Mockett's," etc. 

Furlong 57, as noted above, shared a selion with furlong 55. 

Furlong 58, which was on the south of Peshill Way, included 
"Richard's Dole," which was six acres in extent. Prior's Dole, 
and "Cooper's acre." 

We turn now to Fordfield. 

Furlong 62, called "Over Furlong," which abutted on the 
north on Deepway (now Lensfield Road) and west on Trump- 
ington Road, included Nuns' Dole and a Mortimer's Dole. 

Furlong 63 was to the south of the last, and, like it, was 
bounded on the east by Bishop's Way, which also divided it 
from furlong No. 52 on the south. 

Furlong 64 was another "Over Furlong," abutting on Deep- 
way, and was composed of two doles called after Philip Cayley. 

Furlong 65 lay to the south of the last, and was bounded 
by Hadstock Road on the east and by Bishop's Way on the 
west. This furlong has been set out in full on page 53 ; it 
includes Long Croft, Stake Acre and Matrimony Piece, and has 
a way balk running through it. 

Furlong 66 is traversed by the way balk just mentioned. 

Furlong 67 begins above the Clay Pits on Hadstock Road, 
and passes over towards the Trumpington Road; one portion 
of it, called Hore Acre, passing through furlong 67 to the New 
River. It contains a part of Long Croft, and Dawe's stall. 

Furlong 68 includes only "8 selions," and was sometimes 
so called. 

Furlong 69 stretches from the Clay Pits, and, "turning," 
ran right across to Trumpington Road. 

Furlong 70 begins near the Clay Pits, and runs south, 
through the centre of Fordfield, to the Shelford Moor. It 
included Little Potmore Close and Goodman's acre. Towards 
the south, it turns and under the names of "the Hay Croft" 
and "Cayley's Dole" forms part of the southern and northern 
boundaries of Fordfield. 

Furlong 71 ran along between the last furlong and the New 
River up to the Trumpington Ford. 




K i t" i tiftf^^*' - ~'"-^- ■'i ^ 



^mjmK'. 



•fr^t^^H^rtM'^-''''' ''*' ' 



Two Views of Cambridge, showing the Open Fields in the foreground. 
[From Loggau's Cantabrigia Illustrata (1690).] 




"Maitland's Trees." 

Old Thorn-trees, marking the course of a Way- balk. 

Between the Geological and Botanical Museums. 



ix] "the open fields" 57 

Furlong 72 reached from the parts of furlong 69 which were 
near the Ford, northwards to the portion of Bishop's Way 
which separated it from furlong 63. It included, as we have 
seen, Hore Acre which also ran through 67, and Hore Hill 
which was the section furthest north. There were some gravel 
pits in this furlong. 

Furlong 73 lay to the south-east of Fordfield, and like the 
furlong (No. 51) on the other side of the Hills Road, was called 
Hadstock Furlong. It was also known as " Little Moor Furlong," 
or "20 acre Furlong." It touched the Clay Pits on the north; 
while towards the south (as on the other side of the road) was 
an extensive "Pit Dole." 

This concludes the furlongs of Fordfield, with the exception 
of those numbered 69 to 71, which lay on the west side of the 
Trumpington Road and which are not dealt with in this treatise 
on the parts "outside the Barnwell Gate," but have already 
been treated in the writer's work on the lands, etc., "outside 
the Trumpington Gates." 

There still remain furlongs 74 and 75, which were called 
"Swinecroft," etc., and which now form the grounds of 
Downing College. These were reckoned as part of Fordfield. 

Furlong 74 was to the east, and began near Dawe's Cross, 
with a Mortimer's dole of some seventeen selions and eight-and- 
a-half acres. Towards the north were two way balks, which 
are well shown in Loggan's plan. The more northern of these 
is "still marked by old thorn trees," as Professor Maitland^ 
pointed out. That lamented writer added that they were 
"soon to be destroyed in the interests of geology." But, 
fortunately, he was wrong. The trees have been carefully 
preserved by Professors Hughes and Seward, w^hose Geological 
and Botanical Museums they connect. They form one of the 
most interesting links with old Cambridge history. 

Furlong 75 is at the west end of the last, and is now traversed 
by the comparatively recently made road, called Tennis Court 
Road. It was bounded on the west by the old buildings, etc. 
shown in the writer's ''Outside the Trumpington Gates.'" 

^ Township and Borough, p. 113, note 2. 



58 "THE OPEN fields" [CH. IX 

Parts of these furlongs (Nos. 74 and 75) were called Swine- 
croft and St Thomas's Leys, and have been described in a 
previous chapter. 

It should be added that, according to old field books, 
these furlongs began on the north side of the lane, now called 
Pembroke or Downing Street, and extended into "the Fair 
Yard" on that side. Doubtless the open fields formerly reached 
right up to the nucleus of the town. 

This question of the Open Fields in general and of those 
on either side of Cambridge in particular, has been dealt with 
at considerable length, because it is felt that no one can under- 
stand the condition of our town in days of old, who does not 
realise the network of furlongs and selions, of strips and balks, 
which engaged the attention of our forefathers "outside the 
Barnwell Gate," and in the other suburbs of the ancient 
Borough of Cambridge. 



Note. 

In Chapter vii an account of some Later Buildings was 
added to the description of the ancient Ecclesiastical and 
Academic Institutions which lay just outside the Barnwell 
Gate, and which are dealt with in the preceding section. 

In the same way this chapter on the Open Fields, which 
existed more to the south thereof, might be supplemented by 
a record of the effect of Enclosure Acts^ and of the rapid rise 
of the New Town district and of St Paul's Parish. 

This, however, would encroach too much upon modern 
times; so that it need only be here stated that the strange 
University opposition, which compelled the erection of the 
Railway Station at least a mile from Great St Mary's Church, 
has led to the extraordinary extension of the southern suburbs 
of Cambridge. 

^ The Portion of The Barnwell Award Map (1806) is, however, reproduced, 
showing the Allotments made to the several owners. 



PORTION OF THE BARNWELL AWARD MAP (1806). 



Camb. Antiq. Soc. 



INDEX 



Absalon, son of Algar, 10 
Adam, John, 21 
Addenbrooke's Hospital, 43, 52 
Andrewe, Richard. 21 
Andrew's Barn, 32 
"Antelope," the, 26, 30, 31 
"Archers, the Three." 29 
Atkinson, Troilus, 23, 39 
AtweU: Faithful Surveyor, 42 

Babington, Prof., 6 
Badcocke, William, 37 
Baker's Map of Cambridge, 18 
Baker, Thomas, 31 SS., 40 
Baker-Mayor, History of St Joint's 

College, 22, 37 
"Ball's FoUy," 41, 52 
Balsham, 5 

Balsham, Hugh de, 12, 20 
Baptist Chapel, 33, 35, 36 
Baptist Manse, 33 
Barber, Thomas, 23 
Barnwell, 1, 4, 9, 11, etc. 
Barnwell Award Map, 58 
Barnwell Fields, 32 
Barnwell Gate, 2, 4, 27. 39, 58 
Barnwell Priory, 37, 51, 52, 53 
Basset, William, 25 
Bateson, Mary : Cambridge Gild 

Records, 36 
Bennet, Bp, 5, 6 
Bentham's Ely, 10 
Beverley, John, Esquire Bedell. 31 
Bingham, William, 24, 25 
"Bishop Blaise" Inn, 34, 40 
Bishop's Way, 53, 56 
"Black Ditch," the, 36, 39 
Black Dole, 55 
Black Friars, 11, 12, etc. 
Bones, Rev. James, 32 
Borlase, Rev. George, 32 
Bowtell: MSS., 16, IS, 19, 41, 44, 54 
Bracebridge, Thomas, Yeoman Bedell, 

23, 39 
Bradmore Field, 48 
"Brazen George," the, 21, 22, 23, 39 
Bredon, Thomas, 21 
"Bricklayers' Arms," the, 36, 46 



Bridewell, the, 33 

Bridge, Great, 9 

Bridge, Sentry, 43, 44, 46 

Bridges, Small, 47 

Brimble, or Bramble. Dole, 54 

Brookes, Mr W. M., 35 

Butler. "Squire," 52 

Butts, Dr Henry, 38 

Cadell and Da vies' Map of Cambridge, 

33 
Caius College. 52 
Caius, John, 2, 3, 20. 22 
Cambridge Borough Report, 11 
Cambridge Chronicle, 34, 44 
Cambridge Corporation, 31, 32, 33, 35, 

42, 46 
Cambridge, History of (Caius), 2, 3, 12 
History of County of (Carter), 7, 8, 

33 " 
History of University of (Carter), 23 
Cambridge Revieiv, 45 
Cambridge Town Treasury, 31 
Carter, Edmund, 7, 8, 23, 33 
Carter, Mr, Surgeon, 30 
Castle Hill. 6 
Castle Inn, 12, 20, 36 
Cayley, Philip, 51, 55, 56 
Gentry Bridge, see Sentry Bridge 
Chaderton, Dr Laurence, 22, 25, 27. 28 
"Challice," the, 38, 39 
Chaplin, Mr, 42 
Chapman: Sacrist Rolls, 10 
Charles II, 35 
"Chequer," the, 21, 29 
Cherryhinton, 6 
Cherryhinton Fen, 7 
Chester, 5 
Christ Church, 10 
Christ's College, 4, 10, 16. 21, 23, 24, 

27, 28, 40, 42, 43 
Christ's College Pieces, 28, 43 
Clare College 24, 30 
Clare, Gilbert, Earl of, 2 
Clark, J. W., Mr, 1, 2, 6, 21, 24, 25, 

26, 27, 44 
Clay Pits, 55-57 
Close Rolls, 1, 10, 11, 15, 16 



60 



INDEX 



Coe Fen, 47 

Coffee Room, 33 

Colchester, 5 

Cole, William, 29 

Commissioners' Report on Charities, 

34 
Conduit Head, 16, 42, 43 
Congregationalists, 36 
Congreve, Mr, 32 
Cooper: Amials, 20, 33-35, 38 

Memorials, 22, 23 
Cooper's Acre, 56 
Corbett, J. W., Mr [King's], 50 
Corpus Christi College, 12, 21, 29, 38, 

39, 50, 52, 53 
Court of Sewers, 3, 42 
Crane : Nether Dole, 55 

Nun's Dole, 55 

Over Dole, 55 
Cromwell, 0., 43 
Cross, Dawe's, 18. 19. 51, 52, 57 

Hinton. 18, 19, 54 

Red, 6 

Stone, 18 
Culverwell, Richard, 25 

Dallyng, Simon.. 22 

Darwin, Charles, 24 

Dawe's Cross, 18, 19, 51, 52, 57 

Dawe's Stall, 56 

Delaport, John, 33 

Mrs, 42 
Denny Abbey, 24 
"Ditch, the Black," 36, 39 
Ditch. Jesus Close, 43 
Ditch, Kmg's, 2, 3, 4, 9, 14, 15, 23, 

39, 42, 44, 47 
Ditton, 9 

Documents, University Com., 12 
Dole: Black, 55 

Brimble (Bramble), 54 

Caylev's, 56 

Lime-Kiln, 52. 54 

Mere, 55 

Mortimer, [2], 51, 52, 54, 56, 57 

Nether Crane, 55 

Nun's, 56 

Nun's Crane, 55 

Over. 55 

Pit, [2], 55 

Prior's, 56 

Richard's. 56 

St Mary's, 54 

St Michael's, 54 

White, 55 
Domesday Book, 10 
Dominican Friars, passim 
Donkey Common, 45 
Downing College, 4, 8, 18, 19, 41, 43, 
44, 47, 50, 57 



Downing Place Chapel, 35, 36 
Downing Porter's Lodge, 33 
Dugdale : Monasticon Ayiglicanum, 12 

Edward I, 11, 13 

Eliot, Adam, 11, 12 

Eliot's Acre, 55 

Elrington, Edward, 12, 25 

Ely, Bishops of, 10, 12, 20 

Elv Priory, 10 

Ely Rectory, 29 

Ely Register, 10 

Emmanuel College, 7, 10, 12, 16, 17, 
22, 25, 26, 31, 37-39 

Emmanuel House, 32 

Enclosure Acts, 49 

Endowments of University of Cam- 
bridge, 6 

Essex, John of, 36 

Essex, Mr, 6 

Estenhale, 48 

Fair Yard, 37, 58 
Fallan. William, 25 
Farthing Hill, 55 
Fens, 7, 47 
ffidlyn, John, 3 

Field Boohs. Alderman Bright's, 16, 
18, 19, 50, 54 

Peterhouse, 19, 50, 53 

St Radegund. 51 

University, 50 
"Fields, Open," 9, 44, 47-58 
Fishwick, Brian, 25 

John. Esquire Bedell, 25 
Fitzwilliam Museum, 4 
Flack & Judge, Grocers, 38 
Foot, Mr, 53 
Fordfield, 48, 50-58 
Foreigner's Companion, 7 
Foster, Alderman Charles Finch, 33 
Francis, Mr Clement, 32 
Franciscan Friars, 11 
Free Library, Cambridge, 44 
Friars, Dominican or Black, 10, 11, 12, 
20, 54 

Franciscan, 11 
Frost, Walter, 42 

Walter, Junior. 42 
Fuller, Thomas, 2, 12, 21, 22, 24, 25 
Furlong, Fen, 54, 55 

Hadstock, [2], 55, 57 

Hinton Cross, 54 

Hinton Moor, 54 

Little Moor, 57 

Long Dole, 54 

Middle. 54 

Over, [2], 54, 56 

Pole cat, 54 

Rough, 55 



INDEX 



61 



Furlong, Strange, 55 
Twenty Acre, 57 
Windmill, 54 

Gaol, the new, 35, 45 

Garret Hostel Green, 13 

Gentleman's Magazine, 35 

Geoffi-ey de Burgh, 10 

Geoffrey, Neville, 23 

Gibon, John, 53 

Ginn, Mr, 27 

Glover, Simon the, 36 

God's House, 24, 25, 27 

Gogmagog Hills, 5-7, 9, 40, 41, 44, 52 

Goodman's Acre, 56 

Goodwin, the Rev. James, 32 

Granges, 13, 32, 33, 40, 46 

Grant, river, 42 

Grantchester, 6 

Grate, the, 40 

Gray, Arthur, Mr, Master of Jesus 

CoUege, 13, 14, 44 
Greene, Dr Christopher, 29 
Guildhall, 42 

Gunning, Henry, 7, 30, 31, 32 
Gutter Acre, 55 

Harvey, Dr, 39 

Hatfield's Toll-Case, 40 

Hay Croft, 56 

Haye, William de la, 11 

Hearne, 11 

"Heart's Ease." the, 32 

Henry III, 1, 9, 16 

Henry VI, 22-24 

Henry VII, 30 

Henry VIII, 12, 20, 25 

Herrys, William, 25 

Hmton Cross, 18, 19, 54 

Hinton Foot Bridge, 54 

History of Ancient Cambridgeshire, 6 

Architectural Hist. (Willis and 
Clark), 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27. 44 

of Cambridge (Caius), 2, 3, 20, 22 

of Cambridge (Fuller), 2, 12, 14, 21, 
22, 24, 45 

of Cambridge (R. Parker), 12 

of County of Cambridge (Carter), 7, 
8, 33 

of University of Cambridge (Carter), 
23 
Hobson, Thomas, 34, 42 
Hobson's Workhouse, 33-35 
Hog Hill, 37 
Hore Acre, 56, 57 
Hore Hill, 57 
Horseheath Park, 5 
Hostel : Brazen George, the, 21-23, 39 

Garret, 13 

Michael House, 13 



Hostel: St Michael's, 23 

St Nicholas's, 12, 20-22, 27, 29, 
32 

St Nicholas's (Milne Street), 22 

Rudd's, 12, 20 
Hounden Half-acre Footway, 54 
Howlyn, John, 30 
Hughes, Prof. McKenny, 2, 4, 57 
Humfrey, Mr, 45 
Hundred Bolls, 11, 13 
Hussey, Joseph, 36 
Hutton, Dr, 42 
Hyde Park Corner, 18, 43 

Intwistle, Mr, 28 

Jackenett'g Almshouses, 43 
James II, 36 
Jellett, John, 28 
Jesus CoUege, 38, 39, 50, 52 
John, the Chaplain, 10 
John, King, 1, 9 
Johnson, Mr, 28 
Johnson, Mr, Surgeon, 30 

Killigrew, Sir Henry, 22 
Kings: Charles II, 35 

Edward I, 11, 13 

Henry III, L 9. 16 

Henry VI, 22, 23, 24 

Henry VII, 30 

Henry VIII, 12, 20, 25 

James II, 36 

John, 1, 9 
King's CoUege, 22, 23 
King's Ditch, 2^, 9, 23, 39, 44, 47 
Kipling, Dr, 7 

Lambert's Acre, 55 

Landbeach, 29 

Lane, Thomas, 53 

Laud, Archbishop, 23, 34 

Lee, Dr, 12, 29 

Leedes, Dr, 30 

Leland : Itinerary, 1 1 

Liber Memorandorum Ecclesie de Berne- ■ 

welle, 1, 2 
Lime-KUn Dole, 52, 54 
Llandaff House, 34 
LoUeworth, Thomas, 21 
Long Croft, 53, 56 
Long Sevens, 55 
Louis of France, 1 
Lyne's Map of Cambridge, 21, 22 
Lysons's Cambridgeshire, 5 

Magna Britaymia, 5 

Maiden Acre, 56 

Maitland, Prof., 17, 43, 50, 57 

Mansel, W. L., Bishop of Bristol, 35 



62 



INDEX 



Margaret, Lady. Countess of Rich- 
mond and Derby, 24 

Marsh, the (Downing), 44, 45 

Mason, 37, 38 

Mason, Rev. C, 5 

Master of St John's College (Mr Scott), 
37 

Masters: Histonj ofC.C.C, 12, 21, 32, 
36 

Matrimony Piece, 53, 56 

Matthew, Mr George, 44 

Mercatofs Chart, 41 

]\Iere Dole, 55 

Metcalfe, Humphrey, 12, 25 

Michael House, 13 

Michael House Grange, 13, 36, 40, 46 

Mickleborough, John, 29 

Middlefield, 18, 48. 50-58 

Middleton, Sir Hugh, 41 

Mildmay, Sir Walter, 25 

Mill, King's, 4, 17, 47 

Milton, John, 24 

Mockett's Acre, 55 

Montague, Dr, Master of Sidney 
Sussex College, 41 

Morley, Mr John, 35 

Mortimer's Dole, [2], 51, 52, 54, 56, 57 

Municipal Corporations Act, 46 

Mmxnes, William, 37 

Museum, Botanical, 57 
Geological, 57 

Musgrave, Mr Peete, 31 

Newmarket, 7 

New River, 16, 28, 41, 56 

New Town District, 58 

Norwich Union Office, 38 

Nuns' Dole, 55 

Nvms' White Acre, 55 

Nunn's Lake, 43 

"Open Fields," 9, 44, 47-58 
Oxford, Robert de Vere, Earl of, 11 

Palmby, Mr, 53 

Panton, "Esq.," 53 

Parker, Archbishop, 41 

Parker, Edward, 8, 40 

Parker, Richard, 12 

Parker's Piece, 7, 35, 44, 45, 47, 54 

Parker's Piece Close, 54 

Parkins, William, 32 

Peile, J., History of Christ's College, 

23, 24, 43 
Pembroke College, 23, 37, 45 
"Pensionary," tlie, 26, 30 
Perse vSchool, the, 41, 46, 51, 52 
Peshall Way [or Peshill, etc.], 54, 55 
Peterhouse, 12, 50, 53 
Pether, Wilham, 38 



Pipe-straw, 54, 55 

Nether, 51. 55 
Pit Dole, [2]. 55, 57 
Police Station, 33 
Poplmgton, Hanket, 53 
Post Office, 9, 22 
Potmoor, Little, 55, 56 
Poynter, Mr Ambrose, 10 
Presbyterians, 36 
"Prince Regent" Inn, 45 
Prior, Mr James W., 31 
Prior's Dole, 56 
Pryme, Prof. George, 30 

Queens' College, 21 

Railway Station, 58 

Ranee, Mr, 29, 31 

Raper, Widow, 28 

Red Cross, 6 

Redman, John, 37 

Reminiscences, Gunning's, 7, 30, 31, 

32 
Reminiscences, Pryme's, 30 
Richard's Dole, 56 
Ringesham, William, 12 
River Grant, 42 
River, New, 16, 28, 41, 56 
Rose, Alderman Christopher, 10 
Roxton HaU, 26, 30 
Royal Commissioners' Inquiry, 45 
Rudd's Hostel, 12, 20 

Salmon, Mr, 7 

Sandcroft, Dr Wilham, 44 

Sayle, Messrs, 39 

Scarlett, William, Stationer, 37 

Scocroft's House, 23, 39 

Searle, Mr, 32 

Searle, W. G., Mr, History of Queens' 

College, 21 
Seebohm : English Village Community, 

50 
vSemper Lands, 53 
Sentry Bridge, 43, 44, 46 
Seward, Prof., 57 
Sewers, Court of, 3, 42 
Shelford, 6 
Shelford Moor, 56 
Shepherd's Close, 51, 55 
Sherwood, George, 25, 26 

William, 25, 26 
Shuckburgh, E. S., Dr, History of 

Eynmanuel College, 12, 25 
Simon the Glover, 26 
Smith, William : Map of Cambridge, 

22 
Southgate Lodge, 31 
Spicer, Richard, 21 
Spinning House, 7, 33-36 



INDEX 



63 



'Spital, 16, 42 

'Spital-House End, 42 

St Andrew's the Great Church, 2, 4, 

10, 15, 16, 22, 23, 28, 29, 39, 47 
St Benedict's Church, 35, 52 
St John Zachary's Church, 22 
St Mary the Great Church, 58 
St Nicholas's Chapel, 22 
St Nicholas's Church, 22 
St Paul's Church, 10, 46, 58 
St Peter's Church [St Mary the Less], 

2, 4, 52 
St Andrew's Hill 37 
St Andrew's "Stulpes," 44 
St John's College, 22, 26, 29, 30, 37, 

38, 50, 51, 53 
St John's Hospital, 12, 20, 37 

Ely, 30, 31 
St Mary's Dole, 54 
St Michael's Dole. 54 
St Michael's Hostel, 23 
St Nicholas's Hostel, 12, 20, 21, 22, 

27, 29, 32 
St Nicholas's Hostel [Milne Street], 22 
St Radegund's Priory, 13, 14, 51, 52, 

55 
St Thomas's Leys, 8, 13, 37, 41, 45, 57 
Stake Acre, 53, 56 
Stockton's Land, 55 
Stokes, H. P., Dr, History of Corpus 
Christi College, 38 

Cambridge Parish Workhouses, 34 

Outside the Trumpington Gates, 57 
Stone Bridge, 16 
Stone Cross, 18 
Stone Rake Bridge, 44 
Stoneyard, 36 
Stour, river, 9 
Stourbridge Field, 48 
Streets, Roads and Lanes: 

Bird-bolt Lane. 17, 37 

Black Friars' Lane, 15 

Christ's Lane, 15, 27 

Colchester Road, 5 

Conduit Road, 16 

Coronation Street, 51 

Cow Lane, 31 

Deepway, 16, 17, 56 

Dowdivers Lane, 11, 16 

Downing Place, 17 

Downing Street, 11, 16, 17, 37, 58 

Drummer Street, 31, 32 

East Road, 45 

Emmanuel Back Lane, 15 

Emmanuel Lane, 11, 15. 21, 26, 27, 
30, 31 

Friars' Street, 5 

George Street, 15 

Hadstock Road, 5, 15, 17, 51, 52, 56 

Hangman's Lane, 15 



Streets, Roads and Lanes (cont.): 

High Street, 5, 13, 15 

Hills Road, 5, 8, 15, 16, 33, 41, 43, 
46, 48, 57 

Hinton Lane, 15, 25, 28, 32 

Hinton Way, 17 

Hobson's Street, 3, 9, 15 

HoghUl Lane, 17 

Icknield, 5 

King's Lane, 16, 17, 52, 54 

Kmg's Street, 43 

King's Way, 5 

Langreth Lane, 16. 17, 37 

Lensfield Road, 16, 41, 43, 56 

Lmton Road, 5, 15, 27, 48 

London Road, 9, 16, 17 

Meeting House Lane, 17 

Mill Lane, 54 

Newmarket Road, 16, 47 

New Street, 43 

Pembroke Street, 17, 57, 58 

Petty Cury, 40 

Preachers' Street, 5, 15, 16, 20-22, 
24, 26, 31, 36, 42 

Queen Anne Terrace, 45 

Regent Street, 5, 8, 40, 41, 43, 46 

Rogues' or Rokis Lane, 15 

Roman Road, 5, 6, 40 

Slaughter House Lane, 37 

St Andrew's Street, 6, 6, 21, 27, 31, 
33, 37, 42 

St Nicholas's Lane, 15 

St Tibb's Row, 17 

Tennis Court Road, 57 

Trumpington Road, 5, 56 

Trumpington Street, 36 

Via Devana, 5, 6 

Wall Lane, or Wall's End Lane, 
15, 42, 44 

Worts's Causeway, 5, 7, 40, 44 
Strong, Richard, 29 
Suffolk. 5 

Swinecroft, 13, 36, 51. 57, 58 
Symons, Ralph, 26, 30 

Tangmere, Henry of, 36 

Taylor, Robert, 25 

Thackeray Family, 29-31 

Theatre, the Old, 33 

Thompson, Dr Thomas, 23 

Titley Abbey, 24 

Tolbooth, the, 35 

Toll-Case, Hatfield's, 40 

Town's End, the, 8, 44 

Township and Borough, 17, 43, 50 

57 
Trinity Church, 6, 9 
Trinity Churchyard. 3 
Trinity College, 13,' 50 
Trinity Hall, 22, 50, 51, 52 



64 



INDEX 



Trumpington Ford, 9, 48, 56 
Trumpington Gate, 2, 4, 5, 16 
Trumpington Eoad, 4 
''Twopenny Loaves," 5, 6 

"University Arms," 33, 46 
University Offices, 27 

Vere, Alice de, 11 
Veterinary Surgery, 33 
Victuallers^ Book, 38 
"Vine House," the, 27, 28 

Wall's Lane Bridge, 44 

Wanberg Forest, 11 

Ware, 41 

Watson, Dr, Bishop of Llandaff, 34 

Watson, Simon, 22 



Weavers, etc., 34 

Wesleyan Chapel, 36, 39 

Whish Family, the, 29-32 

White Canons, 51-53 

White Dole, 55 

"White House," the, 31 

Widnall, S. P. : Gossiping Stroll, 40, 

44 
Willis and Clark : Architectural History 

of Cambridge, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 

27, 44 
Withersfield, 5 
Wolfe, Mr, 39 

Workhouse, St Andrew's, 17 
Worts. William, 6 
"Wrestlers' Inn," 40 
Wright, Edward, 41 
Wright, Thomas, 31 



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Litt.D., F.B.A. pp. x + 132. 1913. bs.net. 
EXTRA PUBLICATIONS. 
Not gratuitous to members, 
LuAED Memorial Series: Records of the University. To 
be completed in about five volumes, 8vo. Subscribers, 21s. Members 
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Vol. I. "Grace Book A," containing the Proctors' Accounts 
and other Records of the University of Cambridge for 
the years 1454 — 1488. Edited by Stanley M. Leathes, M.A. 
pp. xliv + 276. 1897. 

Vol. II. "Grace Book B," Part I, 1488—1511. Edited by 
Mary Bateson. pp. xxvii + 309. 1903. 

Vol. III. " Grace Book B," Part II. Edited by Mary 
Bateson. 1905. 



W79 85 



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